BUDDHIST TERMS' Dictionary

ZEST - ပီတိ

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ပီတိ (Pῑti) - ပီတိ ႏွစ္သက္မႈ။

Delightful satisfaction

YOKE - ေယာဂ

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ေယာဂ (Yoga) - ယွဥ္စပ္ျခင္း၊ ထမ္းပုိး။

ေယာဂသည္ -

(၁) ကာမေယာဂ - တဏွာထမ္းပုိး၊

(၂) ဘ၀ေယာဂ - ဘ၀ထမ္းပုိး၊

(၃) ဒိ႒ိေယာဂ - အယူထမ္းပုိး၊

(၄) အ၀ိဇၨာေယာဂ - မသိမႈထမ္းပုိး - ဟူ၍ ၄-မ်ဳိးရွိသည္။

သတၱ၀ါတုိ႔သည္ ထုိထမ္းပုိးကုိ အၿမဲတမ္း ပခုံးေပၚ၌ ထမ္းလ်က္ လွည့္လည္ေနရသည္။

YOKE

There are four yogas:-

(1) kama-yoga, the yoke of sense-plasures;

(2) bhava-yoga, the yoke of existence;

(3) diṭṭhi-yoga, the yoke of views; and

(4) avijja-yoga, the yoke of ignorance.

All beings go about the world harnessed in this yoke.

WORLD SYSTEM - စကၠ၀ါဠ

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စကၠ၀ါဠ (Cakkavᾱḷa) - စၾက၀ဠာ၊ ေလာကဓာတ္။

ဗုဒၶဘာသာအဖြင့္က်မ္းမ်ားအဆုိအရ - သမုဒၵရာႀကီးေလးစင္း၊ ကၽြန္းႀကီးေလးကၽြန္းႏွင့္ ျမင့္မုိရ္ေတာင္တုိ႔ ပါ၀င္ေသာ လူ, နတ္, ျဗဟၼာ သတၱ၀ါတုိ႔ေနထုိင္ရာ ကမၻာေလာကႀကီးတစ္ခုကုိ စၾက၀ဠာဟုေခၚသည္။ ထုိစၾက၀ဠာကုိ ၀န္းရံေနေသာ ေတာင္တန္းႀကီးကုိလည္း စၾက၀ဠာေတာင္ဟု ေခၚသည္။ ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ေသာ စၾက၀ဠာေပါင္း မေရမတြက္ႏုိင္ေအာင္ ရွိသည္။

WORLD SYSTEM

Universe; cosmological entity

According to Buddhist sources, the four great oceans, the four great islands (continents) and Mt. Meru, where men, devas and brahmas live, constitute a Cakkavᾱḷa. The whole is bounded by a mountain range, which is called Mt. Cakkavᾱḷa Pabbata. There are innumerable number of such Cakkavᾱḷas.

WORLDING - ပုထုဇၨန

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ပုထုဇၨန (Puthujjana) - ပုထုဇဥ္၊ အထူးထူး အျပားျပားေသာ ကိေလသာထူေျပာေသာ သတၱ၀ါ၊ အရိယာတုိ႔မွ အသီးအျခားျဖစ္ေသာသူ၊ လူမ်ားစု။

WORLDING

Beings with abundance of various mental defilements; persons as distinct from ariyᾱs, noble ones.

WORLD - ေလာက

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ေလာက (Loka) - ျဖစ္ျခင္း၊ ပ်က္ျခင္းသေဘာရွိေသာ သတၱ၀ါ၊ ေတာေတာင္ ေရ, ေျမ - စသည္အားလုံး။

ေလာကသုံးပါးတုိ႔မွာ -

(၁) ျပဳျပင္စီရင္တတ္ေသာ ႐ုပ္တရား, နာမ္တရားတုိ႔၏ အေပါင္းအစုျဖစ္ေသာ သခၤါရေလာက၊

(၂) လူ, နတ္, ျဗဟၼာ စေသာ သက္ရွိသတၱ၀ါတုိ႔၏ အေပါင္းအစုျဖစ္ေသာ သတၱေလာက၊

(၃) သတၱ၀ါတုိ႔တည္ေနရာ ဘုံဌာနျဖစ္ေသာ ၾသကာသေလာက - တုိ႔ျဖစ္သည္။

WORLD

The world of all beings and things of nature that are apt to rise and fall.

The three Lokas are:-

(1) The Conditioned World or Saṅkhara Loka, consisting of the sum of conditionel mental and physical phenomena;

(2) The Animate World or Satta Loka, which makes up the sum of living beings;

(3) The Inanimate World or Okasa Loka, which forms the habitat of living beings.

WORDS OF THE ELDERS - ေထရ၀ါဒ

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ေထရ၀ါဒ (Theravᾱda) - မေထရ္အဆက္ဆက္တုိ႔ မေပ်ာက္မပ်က္ရေအာင္ ေဆာင္ထားအပ္ေသာ ထိန္းသိမ္းအပ္ေသာ ဘုရားစကားေတာ္ အယူစကားစဥ္။

အရွင္မဟာကႆပစေသာ မေထရ္အဆက္ဆက္တုိ႔ မူရင္းမပ်က္ သံဂါယနာတင္လ်က္ ထိန္းသိမ္း ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ထားအပ္ေသာ ဘုရားစကား ပါဠိေတာ္အတုိင္း က်င့္ႀကံေနထုိင္ေသာ အယူ၀ါဒကုိ ေ၀ရ၀ါဒဟု ေခၚသည္။

WORDS OF THE ELDERS

The Teaching of the Buddha that has been preserved intact by generations of bhikkhus.

The texts of the Buddha’s Teachings approved at the Councils by the Ven. Mahᾱkassapa and later generations. The views of the Buddha, according to which bhikkhus observe and practice as has been agreed upon at the Councils and handed down without any changes by the Theras led by the Ven. Mahᾱkassapa is called Theravᾱda.

WORD OF THE BUDDHA - ဗုဒၶ၀စန

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ဗုဒၶ၀စန (Buddhavacana) - ဘုရားစကားေတာ္။

(၁) ပထမဗုဒၶ၀စန - ဘုရားအျဖစ္သုိ႔ေရာက္ရွိၿပီး၊ ပထမဆုံးႁမြက္ေတာ္မူေသာစကား။ “ခႏၶာအိမ္ကုိ တည္ေဆာက္ေပးေသာ တဏွာေယာက္်ား အုိ-လက္သမား၊ သင့္ကုိ မေတြ႕မျမင္ခဲ့သည့္အတြက္ ဘ၀ေပါင္းမ်ားစြာ သံသရာတြင္ က်င္လည္ခဲ႔ရၿပီး၊ အဖန္ဖန္ ပဋိသေႏၶေနရျခင္းျဖင့္ ဆင္းရဲတြင္း နက္ခဲ့ရသည္” စသည္ျဖင့္ ဥဒါန္းက်ဴးရင့္ေသာ ဘုရားစကားေတာ္။

(၂) မဇၩိမဗုဒၶ၀စန - ဘုရားအျဖစ္သုိ႔ေရာက္ရွိ၍ ဥဒါန္းက်ဴးရင့္ၿပီးသည့္ေနာက္မွ ပရိနိဗၺာန္မျပဳမီ ႁမြက္ၾကားသည့္ ေနာက္ဆုံးမွာၾကားေသာ စကားမတုိင္မီအတြင္း ေဟာၾကားခဲ့ေသာ စကားေတာ္မ်ား၊ တရားေတာ္မ်ား။

(၃) ပစၧိမဗုဒၶ၀စန - ျမတ္စြာဘုရားသည္ ပရိနိဗၺာန္ျပဳအဲ့ဆဲဆဲ၌ ေနာက္ဆုံး ႁမြက္ၾကားေတာ္မူခဲ့ေသာ “ခ်စ္သား ရဟန္းတုိ႔ သင္တုိ႔ကုိ ငါဘုရား ေနာက္ဆုံးစကား မွာၾကားခဲ့သည္။ သခၤါရတရားမွန္သမွ် ပ်က္စီးျခင္းသေဘာ ရွိကုန္၏။ မေမ႔မေလ်ာ့ေသာ သတိတရားႏွင့္ ျပည့္စုံၾကကုန္ေလာ့” ဟူေသာ စကားေတာ္။

WORD OF THE BUDDHA

(1) Paṭhama Buddha-vacana: The first word of the Buddha, the solemn utterance breathed forth which is “Craving, you builder of the house of the body. Failing to see you, I have wandered through innumerable births in Saṁsara and experienced the worst dukkha”, etc.

(2) Majjhima Buddha-vacana: The interim saying said during the period between his first solemn utterance and his attainment of Nibbana.

(3) Pacchima Buddha-vacana: The last message left on the verge of attaining Nibbᾱna which is “Dear bhikkhu, I do leave now my final word for you. All conditioned things have the nature of destruction. Be endowed with mindfulness.”

WHEEL OF THE DHAMMA - ဓမၼစကၠ

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ဓမၼစကၠ (Dhammacakka) - တရားတည္းဟူေသာ စက္၀န္း၊ ဘီး၊ ဓမၼစၾကာတရားဦး။

ျမတ္စြာဘုရား ေရွးဦးစြာ ေဟာၾကားအပ္ေသာတရားသည္ ဓမၼစၾကာတရားျဖစ္သည္။ ထုိတရားေတာ္၌ မဇၩိမပဋိပဒါအက်င့္ျဖစ္ေသာ မဂၢင္ရွစ္ပါးႏွင့္ သစၥာေလးပါးတရားတုိ႔ ပါ၀င္သည္။

WHEEL OF THE DHAMMA, THE

The first Sermon.

The discourse that was delivered earliest by the Buddha is the Dhammacakka.
It contains the Middle Way which is the Ariya Path of Eight Constituents and the Four Ariya Truths.

WEIGHTY KAMMA - ဂ႐ုကကမၼ

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ဂ႐ုကကမၼ (Garukakamma) - ဂ႐ုကကံ၊ ႀကီးေလးေသာကံ။

ဂ႐ုက - စေသာ ကံေလးပါးတုိ႔တြင္ ဤဂ႐ုကကံသည္ အျပစ္ႀကီးဆုံး ကံျဖစ္သည္။
ထုိကံသည္ - ကုသုိလ္ဂ႐ုကကံ, အကုသုိလ္ဂ႐ုကကံ ဟူ၍ ႏွစ္မ်ဳိးရွိသည္။

WEIGHTY KAMMA

Action entailing grave effects

Of the four types of kamma, garukakamma, weighty kamma, has the gravest consequences. Weighty kamma is of two kinds: meritorious weighty kamma and demeritorious weighty kamma.

USING PERFUME - ၀ိေလပန ၀ိဘူသန

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၀ိေလပန ၀ိဘူသန (Vilepana vibhusana) - ေရေမႊး နံ႔သာဆီတုိ႔ျဖင့္ လိမ္းက်ံျခယ္လွယ္ျခင္း။

ရွစ္ပါးသီလစေသာ ဥပုသ္သီတင္းေစာင့္သူသည္ အေမႊးနံ႔သာ လိမ္းက်ံျခယ္လွယ္ျခင္းမွ ေရွာင္ၾကဥ္ရသည္။

USING PERFUME

One keeping the eight precepts is to avoid use of perfumes.

WEARING FLOWERS - မာလာဓာရဏ

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မာလာဓာရဏ (Mᾱlᾱdhᾱraṇa) - ပန္းပန္ျခင္း။

ဥပုသ္ေစာင့္ခ်ိန္၌ ပန္းပြင့္ ပန္းခုိင္ ပန္းကုံးမ်ားကုိ ပန္ဆင္ျခင္း၊ သူတပါးအား အပန္ခုိင္းျခင္းမ်ား မျပဳရ၊ ျပဳလွ်င္ သီလပ်က္သည္။

WEARING FLOWERS

While keeping the Uposatha precepts one must not wear flowers or garlands nor must one ask others to do so. One’s observance of the precept is impaired by such an action.

WAYFARER - တထာဂတ

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တထာဂတ (Tathᾱgata) - ျမတ္စြာဘုရား၊ ေရွးဘုရားတုိ႔ကဲ့သုိ႔ အလားရွိေတာ္မူေသာ ျမတ္စြာဘုရား။

ျမတ္စြာဘုရားရွင္သည္ ဤအမည္ျဖင့္ ဘုရားရွင္တုိ႔ကုိ ရည္ၫႊန္းေျပာဆုိေလ႔ရွိသည္။

WAYFARER

One who has walked the Path of Reality as did the former Buddhas

It is a term which the Buddha used to refer to all Buddhas.

WATER STRAINER - ပရိႆ၀န

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ပရိႆ၀န (Parissavana) - ေရစစ္၊ ဓမၼကရဏ၊ ဓမၼက႐ုိဏ္။

သံဃာေတာ္မ်ားသည္ ေရစစ္ဓမၼက႐ုိဏ္ျဖင့္ ေရကုိစစ္ၿပီးမွ ပုိးမႊားကင္းစင္ေသာေရကုိသာ သုံးေဆာင္ၾကကုန္၏။

WATER STRAINER

Members of the Samgha use the water that has been filtered with a dhammakarana and is clear of germs.

WALKING CLOCKWISE - ပဒကၡိဏကရဏ

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ပဒကၡိဏကရဏ (Padakkhinakarana) - လက္ယာရစ္လွည့္ျခင္း။

လိမၼာယဥ္ေက်းေသာ ဗုဒၶဘာသာ၀င္တုိ႔သည္ ေစတီပုထုိးမ်ားကုိ ဖူးေျမာ္ရာ၌ လက္အုပ္ခ်ီၿပီး၊ လက္ယာရစ္လွည့္ပတ္လ်က္ အ႐ုိအေသျပဳေလ့ရွိၾကသည္။

WALKING CLOCKWISE

Walking round clockwise

Good Buddhists, in paying obeisance to shrines and pagodas, often walk clockwise round them in reverence with joined palms raised.

WALK - စကၤမ

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စကၤမ (Sankama) - ေခါက္တုံ႔ေခါက္ျပန္ ေလွ်ာက္ရန္လမ္း၊ စႀကႍ။

ျမတ္စြာဘုရားသည္ တတိယသတၱာဟ၌ ေဗာဓိပင္အနီး၀ယ္ ေခါက္တုန္႔ေခါက္ျပန္ စႀကႍႂကြေတာ္မူ၏။

WALK

Path; route for walking; a stretch of ground for walking up and down

In the third week after the attainment of Enlightenment, the Buddha walked up and down near the Bodhi tree.

VOLITIONAL ACTIVITY - သခၤါရ

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သခၤါရ (Saṅkhᾱra) -

(၁) ျပဳျပင္တတ္ေသာတရား

(၂) ျပဳျပင္ခံရေသာတရား

(၃) သခၤါရေၾကာင့္ ၀ိညာဏ္ျဖစ္၏

(၄) ခပ္သိမ္းေသာ သခၤါရတရားတုိ႔သည္ မတည္ၿမဲကုန္။

VOLITIONAL ACTIVITY

Dependent on volitional activity, consciousness arises.

See also CONDITIONED PHENOMENA.

VOLITION - ေစတနာ

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ေစတနာ (Cetanᾱ) - ေစတနာ ေစတသိက္၊ ေစ႔ေဆာ္တုိက္တြန္းတတ္ေသာ သေဘာတရား၊ ျပဳျပင္စီရင္တတ္ေသာ သေဘာတရား။

ေကာင္းေသာအမႈ၊ မေကာင္းေသာအမႈကုိ ျပဳလုပ္ရာ၌ ထုိေစတနာသည္ အရင္းခံ ပဓာနျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ ေစတနာကုိ ကံဟု ဘုရားေဟာသည္။

ယင္းေစတနာသည္ သုံးမ်ဳိးရွိသည္ -

(၁) ပုဗၺေစတနာ - မလႉမီ ေရွ႕ပုိင္းကာလ၌ ျဖစ္ေပၚေသာ ေစတနာ။

(၂) မုဥၥေစတနာ - ေပးလႉေနဆဲကာလ၌ ျဖစ္ေပၚေသာ ေစတနာ။

(၃) အပရေစတနာ - လႉၿပီးေနာက္ပုိင္းကာလ၌ ျဖစ္ေသာ ေစတနာ။

VOLITION

Mental concomitant of volition

That which motivates action
Cetanᾱ is called kamma because it is the basic principle in doing actions whether good or bad.

Cetanᾱ is of three parts :-

(1) Pubba-cetanᾱ that arises before giving,

(2) Munca-cetanᾱ that arises in the act of giving, and

(3) Apara-cetanᾱ that arises after giving.

VERBAL FORMALISATION OF AN ACT - ကမၼ၀ါစာ

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ကမၼ၀ါစာ (Kammavᾱcᾱ) - ကမၼ၀ါစာ၊ ကံျပဳေသာအခါ ႐ြတ္ဆုိအပ္ေသာ ဘုရားေဟာတရား ပါဠိေတာ္။

ဘုရားရွင္ သာသနာေတာ္၌ ရဟန္းခံျခင္း၊ ကထိန္ခင္းျခင္း၊ ကထိန္ႏုတ္ျခင္း၊ သိမ္သမုတ္ျခင္းစေသာ ရဟန္းသံဃာေတာ္တုိ႔ ျပဳလုပ္အပ္ေသာ ကံႀကီး ကံငယ္တုိ႔ ရွိၾက၏။ ထုိကံႀကီး ကံငယ္ကိစၥႀကီးငယ္မ်ား ျပဳလုပ္ၾကေသာအခါ၌ ကမၼ၀ါစာ႐ြတ္ဖတ္၍ ျပဳလုပ္ၾကရ၏။

ကမၼ၀ါစာဖတ္ျခင္းသည္ ကံႀကီးကံငယ္ၿပီးေျမာက္ေစ႐ုံမွ်မက ေဘးရန္ အႏၲရာယ္ အေႏွာင့္အယွက္ကုိပါ ကင္းေ၀းေစသည္။

VERBAL FORMALISATION OF AN ACT

Formulas proclaimed by the Buddha for saying in conducting monastic proceedings

In the Teaching of the Buddha there are certain monastic deeds, important and slight, such as ordination of a bhikkhu, spreading of Kathina-robe, withdrawal of Kathina-privileges, setting up of a sῑmᾱ, etc. In the proceeding the formula concerned is to be said.

Saying formulas not only validates these deeds but also drives away all dangers and hindrances.

VAIN TALK - သမၹပၸလာပ

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သမၹပၸလာပ (Samphappalᾱpa) - ၿပိန္ဖ်င္းေသာစကားကုိ ေျပာဆုိျခင္း၊ မိမိသူတစ္ပါး အက်ဳိးမရွိေသာစကားကုိ ေျပာဆုိျခင္း။

ၿပိန္ဖ်င္းစကား ေျပာဆုိသူမ်ားသည္ ေအာက္ပါဆုိးက်ဳိးမ်ား ခံစားရတတ္သည္။

(၁) မိမိစကား သူတစ္ပါး မယုံၾကည္ျခင္း၊

(၂) မိမိကုိ လူအမ်ားက မုန္းတီးျခင္း၊

(၃) အေလးထား မခံရျခင္း၊

(၄) ပညာေသးသိမ္ ေမွးမွိန္ျခင္း၊

(၅) လာဘ္လာဘ နည္းျခင္း၊

(၆) ဘုန္းတန္ခုိးအာႏုေဘာ္ နည္းပါးျခင္း၊

(၇) ငရဲ၊ တိရစၧာန္၊ ၿပိတၱာဘုံ၌ ျဖစ္ရျခင္း။

VAIN TALK

Idle talk; conversation that is not beneficial to oneself as well as to others

Those who talk frivolously will incur the following disadvantages :-

(1) lack of credibility;

(2) dislike by others;

(3) disrespect by others;

(4) poor intellect;

(5) scanty gains;

(6) lack of power and authority; and

(7) rebirth in Niraya, or as an animal or as an ever-hungry being.

UPPER GARMENT - ဥတၱရာသဂၤ၊ ဧကသီ

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ဥတၱရာသဂၤ (Uttarasaṅga) - ဧကသီ၊ ရဟန္းသံဃာတုိ႔၏ အေပၚ႐ုံအ၀တ္၊ ကုိယ္၀တ္သကၤန္း။

ရဟန္းသည္ ကုိယ္၀တ္ဧကသီသကၤန္းကုိ အသစ္ရလာေသာအခါ သကၤန္းေထာင့္စြန္းတြင္ ကပၸဗိႏၵဳ ေရးထုိးရမည္။

UPPER GARMENT

A bhikkhu’s robe meant for the upper part of his body

The bhikkhu is required to put on a small round mark in a corner of the newly required uttarasanga.

UNTIMELY MEAL - ၀ိကာလေဘာဇန

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၀ိကာလေဘာဇန (Vikalabojana) - ေနလြဲညစာ စားျခင္း။

ရွစ္ပါးသီလေဆာက္တည္ထားေသာ ဥပုသ္သည္တုိ႔သည္ ေနမြန္းတည့္ ၁၂-နာရီ အခ်ိန္မွ ေနာက္ေန႔ အ႐ုဏ္တက္သည့္ အခ်ိန္တုိင္ေအာင္ ထမင္းဟင္းလ်ာ မုန္႔ပဲသေရစာ သစ္သီးစေသာ ခဲဖြယ္ေဘာဇဥ္ ဟူသမွ်ကုိ မစားရ၊ စားလွ်င္ ၀ိကာလေဘာဇနသိကၡာပုဒ္ ပ်က္သည္။ ၀ိကာလေဘာဇနမွ ေရွာင္ၾကဥ္ျခင္းသည္ ကာမဂုဏ္အားနည္း၍ တရားက်င့္သုံးမႈ၌ အက်ဳိးရွိေစသည္။

UNTIMELY MEAL

Taking food after midday

The time from twelve noon to sunrise next day is considered untimely for anyone observing any of the eight, nine and ten precepts to take any solid food. If they do so, this precept weakens enjoyment of sensual pleasure and enhances the advantages of the Dhamma Practice.

UNIVERSAL MONARCH - စကၠ၀တၱိရာဇ၊ စၾက၀ေတးမင္း

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စကၠ၀တၱိရာဇ (Cakkavattiraja) - စၾက၀ေတးမင္း၊ စၾကာရတနာကုိ လည္ေစတတ္ေသာမင္း။

စၾက၀ေတးမင္းသည္ သာသနာပအခါမွသာ ျဖစ္ေပၚေလ႔ရွိသည္။ ထုိအခါ တုိင္းသူျပည္သားမ်ားအားလုံး ငါးပါးသီလၿမဲၾကသည္။

UNIVERSAL MONARCH

Wheel-turning monarch

A universal monarch arises only when the Buddha’s Teaching is extinct in the world. During the reign of a universal monarch every citizen observes the five precepts.

UNDERWEAR - အႏၲရ၀ါသက၊ သင္းပုိင္

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အႏၲရ၀ါသက (Antaravasaka) - သင္းပုိင္၊ ရဟန္းသာမေဏတုိ႔၏ ခါး၀တ္သကၤန္း။

ရဟန္းသာမေဏတုိ႔သည္ ၿမိဳ႕တြင္း ႐ြာတြင္းသုိ႔ သြားေသာအခါ သင္းပုိင္ကုိ အ၀န္းညီစြာ ၀တ္႐ုံရ၏။

UNDERWEAR

Loincloth; under-robe

A bhikkhu should wear the loincloth properly before he enters a village.

UNCONDITIONED ELEMENT - အသခၤတဓာတု

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အသခၤတဓာတု (Asaṅkhatadhᾱtu) - အသခၤတဓာတ္၊ နိဗၺာန္။

ကံ, စိတ္, ဥတု, အာဟာရတည္းဟူေသာ အေၾကာင္းတရားတုိ႔သည္ မျပဳျပင္ဘဲ အၿမဲတည္ရွိေနေသာ အၿငိမ္းဓာတ္၊ နိဗၺာနဓာတ္ကုိ အသခၤဓာတ္ - ဟု ေခၚသည္။

UNCONDITIONED ELEMENT

Immutable principle

That which is not conditioned by the four conditioning factors; i.e, volitional action, mind, heat or cold and nourishment, and which exists perpetually by itself, is the Element of Peace or Nibbana.

UNCERTAINTY - ၀ိစိကိစၧာ

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၀ိစိကိစၧာ (Vicikicchᾱ) - ယုံမွားသံသယ၊ စိတ္ႏွလုံးႏွစ္ခြျဖစ္ျခင္း၊ သေဘာအမွန္ကုိ အတိအက် မဆုံးျဖတ္ႏိုင္ျခင္း။

ျမတ္စြာဘုရားရွင္သည္ အမွန္စင္စစ္ ဘုရား ဟုတ္ မဟုတ္၊ တရားေတာ္သည္ အမွန္တရားစင္စစ္ ဟုတ္ မဟုတ္၊ သံဃာေတာ္မ်ားသည္ အရိယာမ်ား ဟုတ္ မဟုတ္ကုိ ယုံမွားသံသယရွိျခင္းသည္ ၀ိစိကိစၧာမည္၏။ ေသာတာပန္ျဖစ္လွ်င္ ၀ိစိကိစၧာမွ လြန္ေျမာက္သည္။

UNCERTAINTY

Doubt

Being skeptical and uncertain as to whether the Buddha is really enlightened, whether the Dhamma is really the Truth, and whether the Samgha are really ariyᾱs. One overcomes vicikiccha on bedoming a sotapanna.

TRUE FRIEND - ကလ်ာဏမိတၱ

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ကလ်ာဏမိတၱ (Kalyᾱṇamitta) - မိတ္ေဆြေကာင္း၊ မိတ္ေဆြစစ္။

ႀကီးပြားေၾကာင္းတရားေလးမ်ဳိးတြင္ မိတ္ေဆြေကာင္းရွိမႈသည္ တစ္ပါးအပါအ၀င္ ျဖစ္သည့္အျပင္ မဂ္ဖုိလ္ နိဗၺာန္တရားထူးကုိရရန္ ရာႏႈန္းျပည့္ လုိအပ္ေသာတရားျဖစ္သည္။

TRUE FRIEND

Worthy friend; good companion; faithful friend Association with a true, virtuous friend is one of the four factors for one’s progress. Further, such friendship is a necessary condition for gaining Path Knowledge and realizing Nibbana.

TREASURER OF THE DHAMMA - ဓမၼဘ႑ာဂါရိက

2008-10-15T13:35:00.000+06:30

ဓမၼဘ႑ာဂါရိက (Dhammabhaṇdᾱgᾱrika) - တရားဘ႑ာစုိး၊ တရားတည္းဟူေသာ ဘ႑ာကုိ ထိန္းသိမ္း ေစာင့္ေရွာက္သူ။

အရွင္အာနႏၵာသည္ ျမတ္စြာဘုရားေဟာၾကားထားေသာ တရားေတာ္မ်ားအားလုံးကုိ ထိန္းသိမ္းေစာင့္ေရွာက္ ထားႏုိင္သျဖင့္ ဓမၼဘ႑ာဂါရိက မည္၏။

TREASURER OF THE DHAMMA

Custodian of the Dhamma

The venerable Ananda had memorized all the Buddha’s Teachings and so he is called the treasurer of the Dhamma

TRANQUILITY - သမထ

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သမထ (Samatha) - သမာဓိ - စိတ္တည္ၿငိမ္ေအာင္ အားထုတ္ေသာ ကမၼ႒ာန္း၊ ကိေလသာနီ၀ရဏ တရားတုိ႔၏ ၿငိမ္းေအးမႈ။

ျမတ္စြာဘုရားသည္ စိတ္တည္ၿငိမ္ ေအးခ်မ္းေစရန္ သမထကမၼ႒ာန္းေလးဆယ္ကုိ ေဟာၾကားထားပါသည္။

TRANQUILITY

Calm; concentration; meditation for tranquility; calm due to the destruction of defilements and hindrances

Forty meditation subjects for the development of tranquility has been prescribed by the Buddha.

TRAINING - သိကၡာ

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သိကၡာ (Sikkhᾱ) - သိကၡာ သုံး-ပါး၊ ေလ့က်င့္မႈ သုံး-မ်ဳိး။

(၁) သီလသိကၡာ - သီလအက်င့္၊ သမၼ၀ါစာ - မွန္ေသာစကားဆုိျခင္း၊ သမၼာကမၼႏၲ - မွန္ေသာအလုပ္ျပဳျခင္း၊ သမၼာအာဇီ၀ - မွန္ကန္စြာ အသက္ေမြးျခင္းတည္းဟူေသာ သီလအက်င့္၊

(၂) သမာဓိသိကၡာ - သမာဓိအက်င့္၊ သမၼာ၀ါယာမ - မွန္ေသာအားထုတ္မႈ၊ သမၼာသတိ - မွန္ေသာေအာက္ေမ႔မႈ၊ သမၼာသမာဓိ - မွန္ေသာတည္ၾကည္မႈတည္းဟူေသာ သမာဓိအက်င့္၊

(၃) ပညာသိကၡာ - ပညာအက်င့္၊ သမၼာဒိ႒ိ - မွန္ေသာအျမင္အယူ၊ သမၼာသကၤပၸ - မွန္ေသာႀကံစည္မႈ တည္းဟူေသာ ပညာအက်င့္။

ဤသိကၡာသုံးပါးကုိပင္ မဂၢင္ရွစ္ပါး ဟု ေခၚသည္။

TRAINING

Threefold Training

(1) Training in Morality: this consists of Right Speech, Right Action and Right Livelihood.

(2) Training in Concentration: this consists of Right Effort, Right Mindfulness and Right Concentration.

(3) Training in Wisdom: this consists of Right Understanding and Right Thinking.

TONSURE - ေကသေစၧဒန

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ေကသေစၧဒန (Kesacchedana) - ဆံပင္ရိတ္ျခင္း၊ ဆံခ်ျခင္း။

ပဗၺဇၨမဂၤလာတြင္ သာမေဏေလာင္းအား ဆံခ်သည့္ ေကသေစၧဒနမဂၤလာ အခမ္းအနားသည္ အေရးပါေသာ က႑တစ္ရပ္ျဖစ္သည္။ ထုိေကသေစၧဒနမဂၤလာကုိ ျပဳေသာအခါ ရွင္ေလာင္းသည္ တစပဥၥကကမၼ႒ာန္းကုိ ႐ြတ္ဖတ္ဆင္ျခင္၍ေနရသည္။ အခ်ဳိ႕ ပါရမီထူးရွိေသာ ရွင္ေလာင္းမ်ားမွာ ထုိသုိ႔ဆင္ျခင္စဥ္ပင္ ရဟႏၲာ ျဖစ္သြားခဲ႔ၾကသည္။

TONSURE

Shaving the head for novitiation

The rite of shaving the head is an important part of a novitiation ceremony. The novice-to-be has in the course of the shaving, to utter the five Pᾱli words (hair, bodyhair, nails, teeth, skin). They are representative of the 32 parts of the body which are reflected upon as being loathsome and unworthy of attachment. Such reflection can lead to arahatship for those who have sufficient store of past merit, as had been the case of a few young arahats during the lifetime of the Buddha.

THREE BASKET - တိပိဋက

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တိပိဋက (Tipiṭaka) - ပိဋကသုံးပုံ။

ပိဋကသုံးပုံသည္ ၀ိနည္းပိဋက၊ သုတၱန္ပိဋက၊ အဘိဓမၼာပိဋက တုိ႔ျဖစ္ၾက၏။

THREE BASKET

Three piṭakas; (lit.) three baskets.

The three piṭakas are the Vinaya piṭaka, the Suttanta piṭaka and the Abhidhammᾱ piṭaka.

THEFT - အဒိႏၷာဒါန

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အဒိႏၷာဒါန (Adinnᾱdᾱna) - ပုိင္ရွင္က ကုိယ္ႏႈတ္တုိ႔ျဖင့္ မေပးအပ္ေသာ သူ႔ဥစၥာကုိ ခုိးယူျခင္း။

ကုိယ္ျဖင့္ျဖစ္ေစ၊ ႏႈတ္ျဖင့္ျဖစ္ေစ၊ စာျဖင့္ျဖစ္ေစ ပုိင္ရွင္က မေပးေသာဥစၥာကုိ ခုိးယူျခင္း၊ ဓားျပတုိက္ယူျခင္း၊ လိမ္ညာယူျခင္း၊ လွည့္ပတ္ယူျခင္း၊ အေရာင္းအ၀ယ္ျပဳလုပ္ရာ၌ အေလးတင္းေတာင္း ခ်ိန္ခြင္စသည္ျဖင့္ မမွန္မကန္ျပဳျခင္း၊ ေရာင္းကုန္တုိးေအာင္ေရထုိးျခင္း စသည္ျဖင့္ မ႐ုိးမသား မတရားျပဳလုပ္၍ယူျခင္း မွန္သမွ်သည္ အဒိႏၷာဒါန ျဖစ္သည္။ အျပစ္ႀကီးမႈ ငယ္မႈသည္ ဥစၥာရွင္၏ အက်င့္သီလ ဂုဏ္သိကၡာကုိ လုိက္၍လည္းေကာင္း၊ ဥစၥာတန္ဖုိးအနည္းအမ်ားကုိလုိက္၍လည္းေကာင္း ျခားနား၏။ အဒိႏၷာဒါနျပဳသူသည္ ေအာက္ပါဆုိးက်ဳိးမ်ားကုိ ခံစားရတတ္သည္။

(၁) အလြန္ဆင္းရဲမြဲေတျခင္း၊

(၂) မနားမေန ပင္ပန္းဆင္းရဲႀကီးစြာ အလုပ္လုပ္ရျခင္း၊

(၃) ငတ္မြတ္ျခင္း၊ အစာေရစာ ရွားပါးျခင္း၊

(၄) လုိရာဆႏၵႏွင့္ မျပည့္စုံျခင္း၊

(၅) စီးပြားပ်က္ျခင္း၊

(၆) ရန္သူမ်ဳိးငါးပါး ေဘးဒဏ္ႏွင့္ ႀကံဳရျခင္း၊

THEFT

Taking what is not given by open action or express order

Taking what has not been given willingly by word, deed or in writing, but obtaining it through stealing, by threat or use of force, taking something which should rightfully belong to another in transactions through the practice of artifice, deception, shortchanging or adulteration amounts to theft. The gravity of the offense will vary according to the morality and conduct of the owner and the value involved. Committing the offense of theft results in being consigned to the woeful states and to suffer the following evil consequences in successive existences :-

(1) dire poverty;

(2) need to work incessantly;

(3) hunger and starvation;

(4) wishes being unfulfilled;

(5) loss of fortunes;

(6) destruction at the hands of the five enemies.

TEACHING - သာသန

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သာသန (Sᾱsana) - သာသနာ၊ ျမတ္စြာဘုရား၏ အဆုံးအမ၊ ဘုရားေဟာ တရားေတာ္။

သာသနာေတာ္ သုံးရပ္မွာ -
(၁) ပရိယတၱိသာသနာ - ပိဋကတ္စာေပသင္ၾကားမႈ၊
(၂) ပဋိပတၱိသာသနာ - ဆုံးမသည့္အတုိင္း က်င့္ႀကံမႈ (တရားအားထုတ္မႈ)၊
(၃) ပဋိေ၀ေသာသနာ - သိအပ္ ရအပ္ေသာ စ်ာန္ မဂ္ဖုိလ္ နိဗၺာန္တရားတုိ႔ ျဖစ္သည္။

TEACHING, THE

Instruction; training

There are three kinds of Sᾱsana :-
(1) learning the Buddha’s Teaching, Pariyatti Sᾱsana;
(2) practical application of the Buddha’s Teaching, Paṭipatti Sᾱsana; and
(3) the realization of the Buddha’s Teaching, i.e., attainment of jhᾱna, magga, phala and Nibbᾱna, Pativedha Sᾱsana.

TEACHER - အာစရိယ

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အာစရိယ (Acariya) - ဆရာ။

ဆရာ ၄-မ်ဳိး ရွိသည္ -

(၁) ရွင္ျပဳစဥ္က သရဏဂုံေပးေသာ (ရွင္ျပဳေပးေသာ) ဆရာ၊

(၂) ရဟန္းျပဳစဥ္က ကမၼ၀ါ႐ြတ္ဖတ္ေသာ (ရဟန္းျပဳေပးေသာ) ဆရာ၊

(၃) စာခ်ေပးေသာဆရာ၊

(၄) နိႆရည္းေပးေသာဆရာ။

TEACHER

Mentor

There are four kinds of Teacher :-

(1) the teacher who administers the Three Refuges on the occasion of entering the Order as a novice;

(2) the teacher who recites the ritualistic sacred Pali texts, kammavaca, during one’s ordination ceremony;

(3) the teacher who teaches one the Pitaka scriptures;

(4) the mentor on whom one depends for good conduct.

TAKING REFUGE - သရဏဂမန၊ သရဏဂုံ

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သရဏဂမန (Saraṇagamana) - သရဏဂုံ၊ ရတနာသုံးပါးကုိ ကုိးကြယ္ ဆည္းကပ္ျခင္း။

ယုံၾကည္မႈသဒၵါ၊ ထုိသဒၵါကုိ အေျခခံေသာအသိ ဉာဏ္ပညာျဖင့္ ဗုဒၶံ သရဏံ ဂစၧာမိ - စသည္ျဖင့္ သုံးႀကိမ္ ႏႈတ္ႁမြက္႐ြတ္ဆုိ၍ ခံယူေဆာက္တည္ျခင္းသည္ သရဏဂုံမည္၏။

သရဏဂုံ ေဆာက္တည္ပုံမွာ -

- ဗုဒၶံ သရဏံ ဂစၧာမိ = ဘုရားကုိ ကုိးကြယ္ဆည္းကပ္ပါ၏။

- ဓမၼံ သရဏံ ဂစၧာမိ = တရားကုိ ကုိးကြယ္ဆည္းကပ္ပါ၏။

- သံဃံ သရဏံ ဂစၧာမိ = သံဃာကုိ ကုိးကြယ္ဆည္းကပ္ပါ၏ - ဟု သုံးႀကိမ္တုိင္ေအာင္ ႐ြတ္ဆုိ ေဆာက္တည္ရသည္။

TAKING REFUGE

Going to the Three Gems for refuge

Saying the words trice “I go to the Buddha for refuge”, etc, with conviction in the Three Gems and full comprehension of one’s action based on that conviction, amounts to taking refuge. The formula in taking refuge runs as follows:

“I go to the Buddha for refuge.”

“I go to the Dhamma for refuge.”

“I go to the Saṁgha for refuge.”

TAKING INTOXICANTS - သုရာေမရယ

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သုရာေမရယ (Surᾱmeraya) - မူးယစ္ေမ႔ေလ်ာ႔ေစတတ္ေသာ ေသရည္ေသရက္စသည္တုိ႔ကုိ ေသာက္စားျခင္း။

ေသရည္ေသရက္၊ ဘိန္း၊ ဘင္း၊ ကေစာ္၊ ေလွာ္စာ၊ ကုတ္ကင္း၊ ေဆးေျခာက္၊ ဘိန္းျဖဴစေသာ မူးယစ္ေစတတ္ေသာ မည္သည့္ပစၥည္းတုိ႔ကုိမဆုိ ေသာက္စားသုံးစြဲမႈမ်ဳိးကုိ သုရာေမရယဟု ေခၚသည္။ ထုိအရာမ်ားကုိ ေသာက္စား သုံးစြဲျခင္းသည္ ကုသုိလ္ေကာင္းမႈတုိ႔၌ ေမ႔ေလ်ာ႔ျခင္း၏ အေၾကာင္းျဖစ္သည္။ ဤေသရည္ေသရက္စသည္မ်ားကုိ ေသာက္ေသာသူသည္ မူးယစ္မႈအားႀကီးလာေသာအခါ အခ်င္းခ်င္းကုိျဖစ္ေစ အျခားသူကိုျဖစ္ေစ ႐ုိက္မႈ၊ သတ္မႈ၊ ခုိးမႈ၊ လိမ္ညာမႈ၊ အိမ္ရာျပစ္မွားမႈ စသည္မ်ား ဆက္လက္က်ဴးလြန္မိတတ္သည္။ ဤသူသည္ ဤဘ၀မွာပင္ အသက္ဆုံး႐ႈံးရသည္အထိ ဆုိးက်ဳိးမ်ားျဖစ္ေစၿပီး၊ ေသေသာအခါ၀ယ္ ငရဲ၌ က်ေရာက္တတ္သည္။ ျဖစ္ေလရာဘ၀တုိင္းမွာ ေအာက္ပါဆုိးက်ဳိးမ်ား ခံစားရတတ္သည္။

(၁) အေရးအခြင့္ သင့္မသင့္ကုိ မသိျခင္း၊

(၂) ပ်င္းရိတတ္ျခင္း၊

(၃) ေမ႔ေလ်ာ့မူးေ၀တတ္ျခင္း၊

(၄) သူ႔ေက်းဇူးမသိျခင္း၊

(၅) အရွက္အေၾကာက္ကင္းျခင္း၊

(၆) ႐ူးသြပ္ျခင္း၊

(၇) မေကာင္းမႈကုိ က်ဳးလြန္လြယ္ျခင္း။

TAKING INTOXICANTS

Taking intoxicants and narcotic drugs such as alcohol, hashish, cocaine, marijuana, heroin and the like result in forgetfulness to do deeds of merit and excessive use can lead to the committing of wrongful assault, murder, lying, adultery, etc. The consequences of using intoxicants and narcotics and be fatal, cause one to be reborn in the four woeful states and suffer from the following evil consequences in successive existences:

(1) being divorced from reality;

(2) laziness;

(3) torpidity and forgetfulness;

(4) being ungrateful to one’s benefactor;

(5) not being ashamed or afraid of being immoral;

(6) insanity;

(7) propensity for evil.

SYNOD - သဂႌတိ၊ သံဂါယနာ

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သဂႌတိ (Sangiti) - သံဂါယနာ၊ သံဃာ့အစည္းအေ၀းႀကီး၊ သံဂါယနာတင္ပြဲ။

(၁) ၄၅-၀ါပတ္လုံး ဘုရားရွင္ေဟာၾကားေတာ္မူခဲ့ေသာ တရားေတာ္မ်ားကုိ အရွင္မဟာကႆပ ဦးေဆာင္ေသာ ရဟႏၲာမေထရ္ ၅၀၀-တုိ႔သည္ ဘုရားရွင္ ပရိနိဗၺာန္၀င္စံၿပီး သုံးလႏွင့္ ေလးရက္အၾကာတြင္ ရာဇၿဂိဳလ္ၿမိဳ႕၌ စနစ္တက် စုစည္းအတည္ျပဳခဲ့ၾကသည္။

(၂) သာသနာႏွစ္ (၁၀၀)တြင္ ေ၀သာလီၿမိဳ႕၌ အရွင္ယသေထရ္ဦးေဆာင္ေသာ ရဟႏၲာမေထရ္ (၇၀၀)တုိ႔သည္ အဓမၼ၀တၳဳ (၁၀)ပါးကုိ သုတ္သင္ရွင္းလင္းကာ ဒုတိယသံဂါယနာ တင္ခဲ့ၾကသည္။

(၃) သာသနာႏွစ္ (၂၃၅)တြင္ ပါဋလိပုတ္ၿမိဳ႕၌ အရွင္မဟာေမာဂၢလိပုတၱတိႆ ဦးေဆာင္ေသာ ရဟႏၲာမေထရ္ အပါး (၁၀၀၀)တုိ႔သည္ အဓမၼ၀ါဒမ်ားကုိ စိစစ္သုတ္သင္၍ တတိယသံဂါယနာ တင္ခဲ့ၾကသည္။

(၄) သာသနာႏွစ္ (၄၅၀)တြင္ သီဟုိဠ္ကၽြန္း မလယဇနပုဒ္၌ အရွင္မဟာဓမၼရကၡိတ ဦးေဆာင္ေသာ မေထရ္ (၅၀၀)တုိ႔သည္ ေပထက္အကၡရာတင္ကာ စတုတၳသံဂါယနာ တင္ခဲ့ၾကသည္။

(၅) သာသနာႏွစ္ (၂၄၁၅)တြင္ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံ မႏၱေလးၿမိဳ႕၌ အရွင္ဇာဂရာဘိ၀ံသ ဦးေဆာင္ေသာ မေထရ္ (၂၄၀၀)တုိ႔သည္ ေက်ာက္ထက္အကၡရာတင္ကာ ပဥၥမသံဂါယနာတင္ခဲ့ၾကသည္။

(၆) သာသနာႏွစ္ (၂၄၉၈)တြင္ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံ ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕၌ အရွင္ေရ၀တ ဦးေဆာင္ေသာ မေထရ္ (၂၅၀၀)တုိ႔သည္ ပုံႏွိပ္စာအုပ္ မူသန္႔မ်ားျဖစ္ေအာင္ သုတ္သင္တည္းျဖတ္၍ ဆ႒သံဂါယနာ တင္ခဲ့ၾကသည္။

SYNOD

Great Council: Great Rehearsal

(1) The whole body of the teachings of the Buddha were recited and given authenticity by an assembly of five hundred arahats presided over by the Venerable Mahakassapa, convened at the city of Rᾱjagaha (India), just three months and four days after Lord Buddha passed away.

(2) In the year 100 of the Buddhist Era, the Second Great Council was held in the city of Vesali (India) where seven hundred arahats led by the Venerable Yasa dismissed the ten indulgences that a sect of heretical monks were trying to add to the original teachings.

(3) In the year 235 of the Buddhist Era, the Third Great Council was held in Pataliputta City (India) where one thousand arahats headed by the Venerable Mahᾱmoggaliputtatissa cleared the Doctrines of unlawful extraneous elements that some had tried to insinuate into it.

(4) In the year 450 of the Buddhist Era, the Fourth Great Council was held in the market town of Malaya in what is now Sri Laṅka where five hundred venerable elders led by the Venerable Mahᾱdhammarakkhita inscribed the entire words of the Buddha’s teachings on palm leaves.

(5) In the year 2415 of the Buddhist Era, the Fifth Great Council was held in the city of Mandalay, Myanmar, where two thousand and four hundred venerable elders led by the Venerable Jagarabhivaṁsa convened to recite and approve the scriptures which were then inscribed on stone slabs.

(6) In the year 2498 of the Buddhist Era, the Sixth Great Council was held in the Mahᾱpᾱsᾱna Great Cave, Yangon, Myanmar, where two thousand and five hundred venerable elders led by the Venerable REvata convened to recite and verity the scriptures which were later put into print.

SYMPATHETIC JOY - မုဒိတာ

2008-10-15T12:37:00.000+06:30

မုဒိတာ (Muditᾱ) - သူတစ္ပါးေကာင္းစားျခင္း၌ ၀မ္းေျမာက္ျခင္း။

မုဒိတာသည္ ျဗဟၼ၀ိဟာရ တရားေလးပါးတြင္ တစ္ပါးအပါအ၀င္ ျဖစ္သည္။

SYMPATHETIC JOY

Sympathetic joy, Muditᾱ, is one of the four Noble Abidings.

SUPREME CELESTIAL BEING - ျဗဟၼ

2008-10-15T12:35:00.000+06:30

ျဗဟၼ (Brahma) - ျဗဟၼာ၊ ျဗဟၼာ့၀ိဟာရ တရားေလးပါးကုိ အၿမဲပြားမ်ားေနသူ။

သမထကမၼ႒ာန္းကုိ အားထုတ္၍ စ်ာန္ရရွိေသာ ပုဂၢိဳလ္မ်ားသည္ ျဗဟၼာ့ဘုံသုိ႔ လားၾကရသည္။ ၎ပုဂၢိဳလ္မ်ားကုိ ျဗဟၼာဟု ေခၚသည္။

SUPREME CELESTIAL BEING

One who dwells in the four noble Abidings

Those who engage in meditation for tranquility and attain jhᾱnas pass away to the realms of Brahmas. They are called Brahmas.

SUPRAMUNDANE - ေလာကုတၱရ

2008-10-15T12:20:00.000+06:30

ေလာကုတၱရ (Lokuttara) - ေလာကုတၱရာ၊ ေလာကမွ လြန္ေျမာက္ေသာတရား။

မဂ္ေလးတန္, ဖုိလ္ေလးတန္, နိဗၺာန္ဟူေသာ တရားကုိးပါးကုိ ေလာကုတၱရာတရားဟု ေခၚသည္။

SUPRAMUNDANE

Things that transcend the world

The nine factors, namely, the four Paths, the four Fruitions and Nibbᾱna transcend the mundane and are therefore known as the Supramundane, Lokuttara Dhamma.

SUITABLE PLACE - ဧကမႏၲ

2008-10-15T12:16:00.000+06:30

ဧကမႏၲ (Ekamanta) - သင့္ေလ်ာ္ေလ်ာက္ပတ္ေသာ အရပ္။

အသိဉာဏ္ရွိသူတုိ႔သည္ ဘုရား, တရား, သံဃာ, ဆရာ, မိဘ စေသာ အေလးဂ႐ုျပဳအပ္သူတုိ႔ထံသုိ႔ ဆည္းကပ္ခစားေသာအခါ သင့္ေလ်ာ္ေလ်ာက္ပတ္ေသာအရပ္၌ ေန၍သာ ဆည္းကပ္ခစားၾကသည္။ ထုိနည္းျဖင့္ ဆည္းကပ္ခစားမႈ ျပဳရျခင္းသည္ ပညာရွိတုိ႔၏ ေကာင္းမြန္ေသာ ထုံးတမ္းစဥ္လာ က်င့္၀တ္တစ္မ်ဳိး ျဖစ္သည္။ အေလးဂ႐ုျပဳအပ္သူႏွင့္ ေ၀းကြာလြန္းျခင္း၊ နီးကပ္လြန္းျခင္း၊ ေလတင္အရပ္ျဖစ္ျခင္း၊ ျမင့္ျမတ္ေသာ ေနရာျဖစ္ျခင္း၊ ေရွ႕တည့္တည့္ျဖစ္ျခင္း၊ ေနာက္ဘက္တည့္တည့္ျဖစ္ျခင္းဟူေသာ အျပစ္ ၆-ပါး ကင္းလြတ္ေသာ ေနရာကုိ “သင့္ေလ်ာ္ေလ်ာက္ပတ္ေသာ ေနရာအရပ္” ဟု ေခၚသည္။

SUITABLE PLACE

When approaching a person worthy of respect, such as the Buddha, the Dhamma, the Saṁgha, one’s parents and teachers, a wise person occupies a suitable place. This is a noble custom practiced by the wise. A suitable place there means staying neither too close nor too far from the revered one, a place which is neither upwind nor at a higher level in relation to his and where one is not directly facing him or with one’s back towards him. These six attributes constitute a suitable place where one may attend on a revered person.

SUITABLE OFFERINGS - ဒါန၀တၳဳ

2008-10-10T11:01:00.000+06:30

ဒါန၀တၳဳ (Dᾱnavatthu) - လႉဖြယ္၀တၳဳ၊ လႉရန္၀တၴဳပစၥည္း။

၀ိနည္းေဒသနာေတာ္အရ လႉဖြယ္ပစၥည္း ၄-မ်ဳိး မွာ -

(၁) ဆြမ္း၊

(၂) သကၤန္း၊

(၃) ေက်ာင္း၊

(၄) ေဆး။

သုတၱန္ေဒသနာေတာ္အရ လႉဖြယ္ပစၥည္း ၁၀-မ်ဳိး မွာ -

(၁) အႏၷဒါန - ထမင္းအလႉ၊

(၂) ပါနဒါန - အေဖ်ာ္ယမကာအလႉ၊

(၃) ၀တၳဒါန - အ၀တ္သကၤန္းအလႉ၊

(၄) ယာနဒါန - ဖိနပ္စေသာ ယာဥ္အလႉ၊

(၅) မာလာဒါန - ပန္းအလႉ၊

(၆) ဂႏၶဒါန - န႔႔ံသာခဲ နံ႔သာတုံးအလႉ၊

(၇) ၀ိေလပနဒါန - န႔ံသာေပ်ာင္း န႔ံသာရည္အလႉ၊

(၈) ေသယ်ဒါန - ေညာင္ေစာင္း, အင္းပ်ဥ္, အိပ္ရာ, ေနရာအလႉ၊

(၉) အာ၀သထဒါန - ေက်ာင္း, ဇရပ္အလႉ၊

(၁၀) ပဒီေပယ်ဒါန - ဆီမီး, ဖေယာင္းတုိင္ စသည္အလႉ။

အဘိဓမၼာေဒသနာေတာ္အရ လႉဖြယ္ပစၥည္း ၆-မ်ဳိးမွာ -

(၁) ႐ူပဒါန - ႐ူပါ႐ုံအလႉ၊

(၂) သဒၵဒါန - သဒၵါအလႉ၊

(၃) ဂႏၶဒါန - ဂႏၶာ႐ုံအလႉ၊

(၄) ရသဒါန - ရသာ႐ုံအလႉ၊

(၅) ေဖာ႒ဗၺဒါန - ေဖာ႒ဗၺာ႐ုံအလႉ၊

(၆) ဓမၼဒါန - အာ႐ုံငါးပါးမွ ႂကြင္းေသာအလႉ။

SUITABLE OFFERINGS

The following things are deemed fit to be offered to the members of the Order, namely:

(A) As per the Vinaya, the four items are :
(1) alms-food,

(2) robes,

(3) monastic dwelling,

(4) medicines.

(B) As per the Discourses (Suttanta), the ten items are :
(1) offering of rice,

(2) offering of beverages,

(3) offering of robes,

(4) offering of footwear and other items that facilitate travel,

(5) offering of flowers,

(6) offering of scented woods and fragrant solids,

(7) offering of unguents and scented water,

(8) Offering of beds, couches, bedding, etc.

(9) Offering of monasteries and rest houses, etc,

(10) Offering of lights.

(2) offerings that have an agreeable sound,

(3) offerings that have an agreeable smell,

(4) offerings that are wholesome in taste,

(5) offerings that give ease to the touch such as velvet, silk and mattresses,

(6) offerings other than the five kinds mentioned above.

STREAM-ENTERER - ေသာတာပႏၷ

2008-10-10T10:58:00.001+06:30

ေသာတာပႏၷ (Sotᾱpanna)- ေသာတာပန္၊ အရိယာမဂ္တည္းဟူေသာ ေရအလ်ဥ္သုိ႔ ေရာက္သူ။

သမထ၀ိပႆနာ ႐ႈပြားရာတြင္ ေသာတာပတၲိမဂ္သုိ႔ ဆုိက္ေရာက္ဆဲပုဂၢိဳလ္ကုိ ေသာတာပတၱိမဂ္ပဂၢိဳလ္ဟု ေခၚ၏။ မဂ္စိတ္တစ္ခ်က္ လြန္ေျမာက္သည္ႏွင့္ တစ္ၿပိဳင္နက္ ေသာတာပတၱိဖုိလ္ ျဖစ္၏။ ထုိအခါ ထုိပုဂၢိဳလ္ကုိ ေသာတာပန္ ဟု ေခၚဆုိရ၏။ ေသာတာပန္ပုဂၢိဳလ္သည္ ေအာက္ပါအဂၤါငါးပါးႏွင့္ ျပည့္စုံသည္။

ေသာတာပန္သည္ -
(၁) ဘုရားရတနာ၌ မတုန္မလႈပ္ သက္၀င္ၾကည္ညိဳသည္။
(၂) ရတနာသုံးပါး၌ မတုန္မလႈပ္ ၾကည္ညိဳသည္။
(၃) ငါးပါးသီလကုိေစာင့္ထိန္းရာ၀ယ္ အသက္ကုိ စြန္႔၍ ေစာင့္ထိန္းသည္။
(၄) သကၠာယဒိ႒ိ, ၀ိစိကိစၧာ, သီလဗၺတပရာမာသ, ဣႆာ, မစၧရိယ သံေယာဇဥ္တရားကုိ အႂကြင္းမဲ႔ ပယ္သတ္သည္။
(၅) အပါယ္လားေၾကာင္း အကုသလကမၼပထ (၁၀)ပါးတြင္ သူ႔အသက္သတ္ျခင္း၊ သူ႔ဥစၥာခုိးျခင္း၊ သူ႔သားမယားအိမ္ရာ ျပစ္မွားျခင္း၊ လိမ္ညာေျပာျခင္း၊ အယူမွားျခင္းကုိ အႂကြင္းမဲ႔ ပယ္သည္။

STREAM-ENTERER

One who enters the stream of the Ariya Path

In meditating for tranquility and Insight, the yogi who has just gained stream-entry knowledge is called at the very instant, a sotapattimagga puggala. At the immediately following intant after that enlightening thought-moment there follows the Fruition Knowledge. Then he is called a sotapanna, a stream-enterer is endowed with the following five attributes :-

(1) He has an unshakeable conviction in the Buddha;
(2) He has an unshakeable conviction in the Three Gems;
(3) He observes the five precepts even at the risk of his life;
(4) He becomes absolutely free from the fetters (samyojana) of the illusion of Self (the mistaken idea about the existence of a personal entity), doubts, wrong belief in rites and rituals outside the Ariya Path, jealousy and stinginess;
(5) He totally extinguishes five out of the ten modes of evil conduct that lead to the four miserable states of apᾱya, namely, killing, stealing, sexual misconduct (i.e, adultery), lying and wrong views.

STRAIGHTENING ONE’S VIEW - ဒိ႒ိဇုကမၼ

2008-10-10T10:56:00.000+06:30

ဒိ႒ိဇုကမၼ (Ditthijukamma)- အယူ၀ါဒ ခံယူခ်က္ကုိ ေျဖာင့္မတ္ေအာင္ ျပဳျခင္း။

ပညာရွိကုိ ဆည္းကပ္ျခင္း၊ တရားစကား နာၾကားျခင္း၊ တရားစာေပ ေလ့လာဖတ္႐ႈျခင္း၊ ခ်င့္ခ်ိန္စဥ္းစား ေတြးေခၚျခင္း စသည္တုိ႔ျဖင့္ ေျဖာင့္မတ္ေသာ အသိအျမင္ ကမၼႆကတာ ဉာဏ္သည္ ဒိ႒ိဇုကမၼ မည္၏။ ကမၼႆကတာဉာဏ္ေခၚ အယူမွန္ကုိ ေျဖာင့္မတ္ေအာင္ ျပဳေပးႏုိင္ေအာင္ ခုိင္မာေသာ သဒၶါတရားကုိလည္း ဒိ႒ိဇုကမၼ ဟု ေခၚရသည္။

ဘာသာ, အယူ၀ါဒ ခံယူခ်က္ ေျဖာင့္မွန္ေရးသည္ သတၱ၀ါတုိင္းအတြက္ အေရးအႀကီးဆုံး ျဖစ္သည္။ အယူ၀ါဒ ေျဖာင့္မတ္သူမွ ျပဳလုပ္သမွ် အက်ဳိးျဖစ္ထြန္းသည္။ သုိ႔ျဖစ္၍ ပညာရွိကုိ ဆည္းကပ္ျခင္း စသည္ျဖင့္ ဘာသာ အယူ၀ါဒ ခံယူခ်က္ကုိ ေျဖာင့္မွန္တည့္မတ္ေအာင္ ျပဳအပ္၏။

STRAIGHTENING ONE’S VIEW

Forming correct view
Associating with the wise, hearing the discourses, reading and studying the discourses and proper reflection and analysis can straighten one’s view. This knowledge which straightens one’s view, the kammassakata nana, is called ditthijukamma.

Correctness in religious conviction is of paramount importance to all beings. Only the one with firm conviction will gain benefits from his actions. One should therefore find a wise person, and get one’s religious views straightened.

STINGINESS - မစၧရိယ

2008-10-10T10:51:00.000+06:30

မစၧရိယ (Macchariya) - မေပးရက္လုိမႈ ႏွေျမာ၀န္တုိမႈ၊ ႏွေျမာေစးႏွဲမႈ၊ မိမိပုိင္ဆုိင္ေသာ စည္းစိမ္ပစၥည္းမ်ား သူတစ္ပါးတုိ႔ႏွင့္ မဆက္ဆံေစလုိမႈ။

မစၧရိယသည္ ေစတသိက္တရား တစ္ပါးျဖစ္သည္။ ယင္း၀န္တုိမႈ မစၧရိယသည္ -

(၁) အာ၀ါသမစၧရိယ - ေက်ာင္း, အာရာမ္, အိမ္ စသည္တုိ႔၌ ၀န္တုိမႈ၊
(၂) ကုလမစၧရိယ - ေဆြမ်ဳိးဉာတိ ဒါယကာ, ဒါယိကာမတုိ႔၌ ၀န္တုိမႈ၊
(၃) လာဘမစၧရိယ - ပစၥည္းလာဘ္လာဘတုိ႔၌ ၀န္တုိမႈ၊
(၄) ၀ဏၰမစၧရိယ - ႐ုပ္အဆင္းသ႑ာန္တုိ႔၌ ၀န္တုိမႈ၊
(၅) ဓမၼမစၧရိယ - တရားေတာ္၌ ၀န္တုိမႈ - ဟူ၍ ငါးမ်ဳိးရွိပါသည္။

STINGINESS

Niggardliness; meanness
Stinginess is reluctance to share what one has with others.

Stinginess is a mental concomitant. There are five kinds of stinginess :-
(1) Stinginess regarding one’s dwelling place, avᾱsamacchariya;
(2) Stinginess regarding one’s relations and disciples, kulamacchariya;
(3) Stinginess regarding one’s material gains, lᾱbhamacchariya;
(4) Stinginess regarding one’s own appearance, vannamacchariya; and
(5) Stinginess regarding one’s religious doctrine, dhammamacchariya.

STAIRWAY - ေသာပါန

2008-10-10T10:48:00.000+06:30

ေသာပါန (Sopana)- ေစာင္းတန္း၊ ဘုရားေစာင္းတန္းေလွကား။

ေတာင္ကုန္းထိပ္ရွိ ေစတီသုိ႔ ေစာင္းတန္းေလွကားျဖင့္ တက္ေရာက္ဖူးေျမာ္ရသည္။

STAIRWAY
Staircase; steps
Stairways leading up the hill to the stupa on top.

SPIRED PALATIAL BUILDING - ပါသာဒ

2008-10-09T14:48:00.000+06:30

SPIRED PALATIAL BUILDING Pasᾱda

ပါသာဒ - ျပာသာဒ္၊ ဘုံအဆင့္ဆင့္ႏွင့္ ထုပိကာတင္ထားေသာ အေဆာက္အအုံ။

နန္းေတာ္မ်ား၊ ဘုန္းေတာ္ႀကီးေက်ာင္းမ်ားကုိ ဘုံခုႏွစ္ဆင့္ စသည္ျဖင့္ၿပီးေသာ အေဆာက္အအုံမ်ားအျဖစ္ ေတြ႕ရတတ္သည္။

Building with multi-tiered decorated roofs. Magnificent buildings like palaces and monasteries are crowned with (usually) seven tiers of decorated roofs and spire.

SPEAKER OF GOOD WORDS - သုဂတ

2008-10-09T14:46:00.000+06:30

SPEAKER OF GOOD WORDS Sugata

သုဂတ - မွန္ကန္၍ အက်ဳိးရွိေသာ စကားကုိသာ ေျပာဆုိေတာ္မူေသာ ျမတ္စြာဘုရား။

ဗုဒၶဘုရားရွင္သည္ သူတစ္ပါး မလုိလားမႏွစ္သက္ေသာ စကားျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း မွန္ကန္၍ အက်ဳိးရွိလွ်င္ အခါအခြင့္ကုိ ဆင္ျခင္၍ ေျပာၾကားေတာ္မူသည္။

The Buddha who speaks only what is true and beneficial.
The Buddha made at opportune times speeches that were true and beneficial though others might not like them.

SOCIAL ASSISTANCE - သဂၤဟ၀တၳဳ

2008-10-09T14:44:00.000+06:30

SOCIAL ASSISTANCE Saṅgahavatthu

သဂၤဟ၀တၳဳ - သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါး၊ ခ်ီးေျမႇာက္ေထာက္ပံ့ေရးတရား။

မိဘႏွင့္သားသမီး၊ ဆရာႏွင့္တပည့္၊ မိတ္ေဆြအသင္းအပင္း၊ လူသားအခ်င္းခ်င္း ေပါင္းသင္းဆက္ဆံၾကရာ၌ ေအာက္ပါ သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးသည္ အလြန္လုိအပ္၏။ စည္း႐ုံးညီၫြတ္မႈ၊ ခ်စ္ခင္မႈ၊ ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းမႈကုိ ျဖစ္ေစ၏။

သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးကား ေအာက္ပါအတုိင္းျဖစ္သည္ -
(၁) ဒါန - ေထာက္ပံ႔ေပးကမ္းမႈ။
လူအခ်င္းခ်င္း ေပါင္းသင္းဆက္ဆံရာ၌ ေထာက္ပံ႔ေပးကမ္းျခင္းျဖင့္ ခ်ီးေျမႇာက္ထုိက္သူကုိ ေထာက္ပံ႔ေပးကမ္းမႈျဖင့္သာ ေပါင္းသင္းရမည္။

(၂) ေပယ်၀စၥ - ခ်စ္ျမတ္ႏုိးဖြယ္ရာ ခ်ဳိသာစြာ စကားဆုိမႈ။
ေပးကမ္းမႈကုိ အလုိမရွိ၊ ခ်စ္ျမတ္ႏုိးဖြယ္ရာ ခ်ဳိခ်ဳိသာသာ ေျပာဆုိဆက္ဆံမႈကုိသာ အလုိရွိေသာသူအား ခ်ဳိခ်ဳိသာသာ ေျပာဆုိမႈျဖင့္သာ ေပါင္းသင္းရမည္။

(၃) အတၳစရိယာ - ႀကီးပြားတုိးတက္ေၾကာင္းကုိ သြန္သင္ၫႊန္ျပေပးမႈ။
ေပးကမ္းမႈ စသည္ကုိ အလုိမရွိ၊ မိမိဘ၀၏ ႀကီးပြားတုိးတက္ေရးကုိ လုိလားေသာသူအား ႀကီးပြားတုိးတက္ေၾကာင္းကုိ သြန္သင္ၫႊန္ျပေပးမႈျဖင့္သာ ေပါင္းသင္းရမည္။

(၄) သမာနတၱတာ - ေနထုိင္စားေသာက္ေရး၌ မိမိႏွင့္ ထပ္တူျပဳမႈ။
ေပးကမ္းမႈ စသည္ကုိ အလုိမရွိ၊ ေနထုိင္စားေသာက္ေရး၌ ခြဲျခားမႈမျပဳဘဲ မိမိႏွင့္တန္းတူ ျပဳမႈကုိသာ အလုိရွိသူအား မိမိႏွင့္ ထပ္တူျပဳမႈျဖင့္သာ ေပါင္းသင္းရမည္။

Altruism; benevolence
In relations between parents and children, between teacher and pupils, between friends and in human society, four kinds of assistance are essential for achieving unity, goodwill and peace.

The four kinds of assistance are :-
(1) Dana – giving material assistance
In associating with people, one should give material assistance in from of cash and kind to those who need them.

(2) Peyyavacca – saying pleasing and endearing words.
In associating with those who do not need material assistance but wish to be treated well, one should speak pleasing and endearing words to them.

(3) Atthᾱcariya – giving good counsel.
In associating with those who do not need material assistance but wish to have good counsel, one should give them good counsel towards achieving prosperity and progress.

(4) Samᾱnattata – to treat other as one’s equal.
In associating with those who do not need material assistance but wish to be treated as an equal, one should treat them as an equal in all dealings.

SLANDER - ပိသုဏ၀ါစာ

2008-10-09T14:42:00.000+06:30

SLANDER Pisuṇavᾱcᾱ

ပိသုဏ၀ါစာ - ေခ်ာပစ္ကုန္းတုိက္ေသာ စကားကုိ ေျပာၾကားျခင္း။

ခ်စ္ခင္ညီၫြတ္ေနသူႏွစ္ဦး စိတ္၀မ္းကြဲျပားေစရန္ ျဖစ္ေစ၊ မိမိအား ခ်စ္ခင္လာေစရန္ျဖစ္ေစ ရည္႐ြယ္၍ တစ္ဦး၏ မေကာင္းေၾကာင္းကုိ အျခားတစ္ဦးအား ေျပာၾကားျခင္းကုိ ပိသုဏ၀ါစာ ဟု ေခၚဆုိသည္။

ဤမေကာင္းမႈကုိ က်ဴးလြန္၍ ျဖစ္ေပၚသည့္ ဆုိးက်ဳိးမ်ားမွာ -

(၁) အပါယ္ေလးပါးသုိ႔ လားရျခင္း၊

(၂) ခ်စ္ခင္သူတုိ႔ႏွင့္ ေကြကြင္းရျခင္း၊

(၃) မိတ္ေဆြၿခံရံ နည္းပါးျခင္း၊

(၄) သူေတာ္ေကာင္းတရား၌ သဒၵါပ်က္တတ္ျခင္း၊

(၅) သူတစ္ပါးတို႔ လုံ႔လေၾကာင့္ ေသရျခင္း၊

(၆) စိတ္ညစ္ၫူး စုိးရိမ္ရျခင္း - တုိ႔ျဖစ္သည္။

Backbiting; calumny
Slander means talking ill about someone to someone else with the intention of causing disagreement between two good friends or to win over someone.

The consequences of committing this offence is as follows :-

(1) being reborn in the four miserable existences,

(2) having to part form loved ones,

(3) having few friends and followers,

(4) losing confidence in the dhamma of the virtuous,

(5) dying at the hands of others, and

(6) having a troubled, restless mind.

SIX HUES OF THE BUDDHA’S RAYS - ဆဗၺဏၰရံသီ

2008-10-09T14:40:00.000+06:30

SIX HUES OF THE BUDDHA’S RAYS Chabbaṇṇaraṁsῑ

ဆဗၺဏၰရံသီ - ေရာင္ျခည္ေတာ္ေျခာက္ပါး။

ျမတ္စြာဘုရားရွင္၏ ေရာင္ျခည္ေတာ္ေျခာက္ပါးရွိသည္ -

(၁) နီလ - ညဳိေမွာင္ေသာ ေရာင္ျခည္ေတာ္၊
(၂) ပီတ - ၀ါေ႐ႊေသာ ေရာင္ျခည္ေတာ္၊
(၃) ၾသဒါတ - ျဖဴေဖြးေသာ ေရာင္ျခည္ေတာ္၊
(၄) ေလာဟိတ - နီျမန္းေသာ ေရာင္ျခည္ေတာ္၊
(၅) မဥၨိ႒ - ၾကက္ေသြးေရာင္ အဆင္းရွိေသာ ေမာင္းေသာ ေရာင္ျခည္ေတာ္၊
(၆) ပဘႆရ - ေရာင္ျခည္ေတာ္ငါးမ်ဳိးေရာယွက္၍ ၿပိဳးၿပိဳးျပက္ျပက္ တလက္လက္ထြက္ေသာ ေရာင္ျခည္ေတာ္။

Six coloured rays emitted from the Buddha’s body

The six rays of the Buddha are :-
(1) rays of dark blue colour, nῑla;
(2) rays of yellow colour, pῑta;
(3) rays of white colour, odᾱta;
(4) rays of red colour, lohita;
(5) rays of dark red colour, mañjiṭṭha; and
(6) glittering rays of a mixture of the above five colours, pabhassara.

SINGING - ဂီတ

2008-10-09T14:39:00.000+06:30

SINGING Gῑta

ဂီတ - သီဆုိျခင္း

ကုိယ္တုိင္သီဆုိျခင္း၊ သူတစ္ပါးကုိ သီဆုိေစျခင္း။

A person who observes eight or nine or ten precepts should not sing nor cause others to sing.

SILENT BUDDHA - ပေစၥကဗုဒၶ

2008-10-09T14:38:00.000+06:30

SILENT BUDDHA Paccekabuddha

ပေစၥကဗုဒၶ - ပေစၥကဗုဒၶါ၊ ကုိယ္တုိင္သာ သစၥာေလးပါးကုိသိ၍ သူတစ္ပါးတုိ႔ကုိ တရားမေဟာႏုိင္ေသာ ဘုရား။

ဘုရားရွင္မ်ားမပြင့္ေသာ သာသနာပအခါ၌သာ တသီးတျခား ပြင့္ေတာ္မူေလ႔ရွိေသာ ဘုရားကုိ ပေစၥကဗုဒၶါ ဟု ေခၚသည္။

Solitary Buddha; lesser Buddha; one who attains Enlightenment but is incapable of disseminating this knowledge to others.

Silent Buddha who appears only during the absence of the sasana (i.e., outside the sasana when the Buddhas do not appear in this world) is called a Pacceka Buddha.

SIGN OF DESTINY - ဂတိနိမိတၱ

2008-10-09T14:37:00.000+06:30

SIGN OF DESTINY Gatinimitta

ဂတိနိမိတၱ - ဂတိနိမိတ္၊ ေရာက္ရမည့္ ဘ၀အာ႐ုံ။

ေသခါနီးေသာအခါ ထင္လာေသာ လားေရာက္ရမည့္ နတ္သမီး ဗိမာန္ ပေဒသာပင္ အမိ၀မ္းေရ စေသာ ကုသုိလ္အာ႐ုံမ်ားႏွင့္ ငရဲမီး ငရဲထိန္းစေသာ အကုသုိလ္အာ႐ုံမ်ားကုိ ဂတိနိမိတ္ဟု ေခၚဆုိသည္။

The mental image which arises just before death which may indicate the place in which one is to be reborn.

Such good signs like visions of celestial maidens, palatial mansions, trees of plenty, the amniotic fluid in a human mother’s womb and such bad signs like vision of fires of Niraya, warders, etc, are called signs of destiny, Gatinimitta.

SIGNLESS - အနိမိတၱ

2008-10-09T14:36:00.000+06:30

SIGNLESS Animitta

အနိမိတၱ - ႐ုပ္နာမ္တရားတုိ႔ကုိ အနိစၥအားျဖင့္ ႐ႈျခင္း။

No sign of permanence in conditioned things and phenomena

Meditation on the characteristic of impermanence of the khandhas, nama and rῡpa.

See also SIGNLESS EMANCIPATION.

SHRINE - ေစတိယ

2008-10-09T14:34:00.000+06:30

SHRINE Cetiya

ေစတိယ - ေစတီ၊ ပုထုိး၊ ကုိးကြယ္ပူေဇာ္အပ္ေသာအရာ။

လူနတ္ျဗဟၼာ သတၱ၀ါတုိ႔ ေလးေလးျမတ္ျမတ္ ပူေဇာ္အပ္ေသာအရာ အုတ္ေက်ာက္ စသည္တုိ႔ျဖင့္ ျမင့္ျမင့္ ေမာက္ေမာက္တည္ေဆာက္ျပဳလုပ္ထားအပ္ေသာအရာကုိ “ေစတီ” ဟူ၍ ေခၚဆုိသည္။

ေစတီေလးမ်ဳိးရွိသည္ -
(၁) ပရိေဘာဂေစတီ - ဘုရားရွင္၏ အသုံးအေဆာင္ျဖစ္ေသာ ေရစစ္၊ ခါးပန္းႀကိဳး၊ သကၤန္း၊ သပိတ္ စသည္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ထုိပစၥည္းမ်ားကုိ ထည့္သြင္းဌာပနာ၍ တည္ထားအပ္ေသာ ေစတီသည္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ဘုရားရွင္၏ သဗၺၫုတဉာဏ္ရရွိရာ ေဗာဓိပင္သည္လည္းေကာင္း ပရိေဘာဂေစတီမည္၏။ ေစတီထုိက္ေသာ အသုံးအေဆာင္မ်ားဟု ဆုိလုိသည္။

(၂) ဓာတုေစတီ - ဘုရားရွင္၏ သရီရဓာတ္ေတာ္မ်ားသည္ လည္းေကာင္း၊ ၎တုိ႔ကုိထည့္သြင္း၍ တည္ထားအပ္ေသာေစတီသည္လည္းေကာင္း ဓာတုေစတီ မည္၏။

(၃) ဓမၼေစတီ - ဘုရားရွင္ေဟာၾကားထားေသာ တရားေတာ္မ်ားကုိ ေရးသားထားေသာ ေပစာ စာအုပ္ စသည္တုိ႔သည္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ၎တုိ႔ကုိ ထည့္သြင္းဌာပနာ၍ တည္ထားအပ္ေသာ ေစတီသည္လည္းေကာင္း ဓမၼေစတီမည္၏။

(၄) ဥဒၵိႆကေစတီ - ဘုရားရွင္ကုိ ရည္မွတ္၍ ျပဳလုပ္အပ္ေသာ ဘုရားရွင္ကုိယ္စား ႐ုပ္ပြားဆင္းတုေတာ္, သဲပုံေစတီ စသည္တုိ႔သည္ ဥဒၵိႆကေစတီ မည္၏။

Pagoda; temple; stupa; edifice.
A thing which is honoured, venerated and paid homage to by men, devas and brahmas.
These stupas or shrines are often built up with bricks to some considerable height and are called cetiyas.

There are four types of cetiya :
(1) Paribhoga cetiyas which include the Buddha’s personal belongings, such as water strainer, girdle, robes and alms-bowl; also the edifices where any one of these are enshrined; as well as the Bodhi tree where the Buddha attained Enlightenment;

(2) Dhᾱtu cetiyas which are the Buddha’s relics and the stupas or edifices where any one of these relics are enshrined;

(3) Dhamma cetiyas which are the books and palm-leaves, etc, on which the Buddha’s teachings are recorded and the stupas or edifices where these are enshrined; and

(4) Udissaka cetiyas which are the images and statues of the Buddha.

SHARING OF MERIT - ပတၱိဒါန

2008-10-09T14:33:00.000+06:30

SHARING OF MERIT Pattidᾱna

ပတၱိဒါန - မိမိျပဳလုပ္ေသာ ကုသုိလ္အဖုိ႔ကုိ အမွ်အတန္းေပးေ၀ျခင္း။

မိမိရအပ္ၿပီးေသာ ကုသုိလ္အဖုိ႔ကုိ သူတစ္ပါးတုိ႔အား မိမိႏွင့္ထပ္တူအက်ဳိးရေစရန္ အမွ်အတန္းေပးေ၀ျခင္းသည္ ပတၱိဒါနမည္၏။ ကုသုိလ္အဖုိ႔ကုိ အမွ်အတန္းေပးေ၀လုိက္၍ မိမိကုသုိလ္အဖုိ႔ ေလ်ာ့နည္းမသြားသည့္အျပင္ အျခားသူမ်ားပါ မိမိကုသုိလ္၏အက်ဳိးကုိ ရရွိႏုိင္သျဖင့္ ကုသုိလ္ေကာင္းမႈျပဳလုပ္ၿပီးတုိင္း အမွ်အတန္းေပးေ၀ အပ္၏။ ထုိသုိ႔အမွ်အတန္းေပးေ၀ေသာအခါ သာဓုေခၚရသျဖင့္ ၿပိတၱာဘ၀သုိ႔ ေရာက္ေနေသာသူမ်ားပင္ ခ်က္ခ်င္း ဒုဂၢတိဘ၀မွ လြတ္ေျမာက္၍ ခ်မ္းသာေသာ ဘုံဘ၀ကုိ ရရွိၾကသည္။

Making a wish that whatever merit that one may have earned by performing a good deed be shared with others so that they might profit equally is the concept of sharing of merit. Not only is he amount of merit that one earns not lessened by this transfer, but others stand to gain the same amount that one has earned. One who rejoices in others’ merit thus shared by saying “Good, good!” may, if he happens to be a peta, is liberated from the miserable state and reborn in a fortunate realm.

See also REJOICING IN OTHERS’ MERIT.

SEXUAL MISONDUCT - ကာေမသုမိစၧာစာရ

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SEXUAL MISONDUCT Kᾱmesumicchᾱcᾱya

ကာေမသုမိစၧာစာရ - ကာမဂုဏ္တုိ႔၌ မွားမွားယြင္းယြင္း က်င့္ျခင္း။

ေယာက္်ားမ်ားအေနျဖင့္ မိမိဇနီးမယားမွတပါး က်န္မိန္းမမ်ားႏွင့္ က်ဴးလြန္ေဖာက္ျပားျခင္းသည္ လည္းေကာင္း၊ မိန္းမမ်ားအေနျဖင့္လည္း မိမိ၏ ခင္ပြန္းသည္မွတပါး အျခား ေယာက္်ားမ်ားႏွင့္ ေဖာက္ျပားျခင္းသည္ လည္းေကာင္း၊ အလြန္အျပစ္ႀကီးေလးေသာ ကာေမသုမိစၧာစာရ ျဖစ္သည္။

ကာေမသုမိစၧာစာရ က်ဴးလြန္က ေအာက္ပါဆုိးက်ဳိးမ်ား ႀကံဳေတြ႕ရမည္ -

(၁) အပါယ္ေလးပါးသုိ႔ လားရျခင္း၊

(၂) မိန္းမပ႑ဳတ္ျဖစ္ရျခင္း၊

(၃) ရန္သူႏွင့္ ေတြ႕ရျခင္း၊

(၄) လူအမ်ားမုန္းျခင္း၊

(၅) အစားအ၀တ္ အိပ္ရာေနရာ ရခဲျခင္း၊

(၆) ဆင္းဆင္းရဲရဲ အိပ္ရႏုိးရျခင္း၊

(၇) အမ်က္ေဒါသႀကီးျခင္း၊

(၈) ေလာကုတၱရာတရား မရရွိႏုိင္ျခင္း၊

(၉) စည္းစိမ္ဥစၥာပ်က္ျပဳန္းရျခင္း၊

(၁၀) ယုံၾကည္မႈ ကင္းမဲ့ခံရျခင္း၊

(၁၁) ေဘးေတြ႕ရျခင္း၊

(၁၂) ယုံမွားသံသယမ်ားျခင္း၊

(၁၃) ခ်စ္သူတုိ႔ႏွင့္ ခြဲေနရျခင္း၊

(၁၄) အသက္တုိျခင္း၊

(၁၅) ဆင္းရဲႀကီးစြာ ေတြ႕ရျခင္း၊

Misconduct in sexual relations
A man having sex with a woman other than his wife, or a woman having sex with another man other than her husband is sexual misconduct, Kᾱmesumicchᾱcᾱra, which is, indeed, a heinous crime. The wages of committing sexual misconduct are :-

(1) being reborn in the four miserable existences, apᾱya;

(2) being reborn as a woman or as a sexual pervert;

(3) having to face enemies;

(4) being hated by many;

(5) having difficulty in obtaining the three basic needs of food, clothing and shelter;

(6) having difficulty in getting a good night’s rest;

(7) having a bad temper;

(8) inability to acquire Supramundane knowledge;

(9) dissolution of wealth and property;

(10) inability to gain others’ confidence;

(11) meeting with danger;

(12) being doubted by others;

(13) having to stay apart from loved ones;

(14) dying young; and

(15) having to suffer great hardship.

SERVICE - ေ၀ယ်ာ၀စၥ

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SERVICE Veyyᾱvacca

ေ၀ယ်ာ၀စၥ - ကုသုိလ္ေရးကိစၥ၌ ပါ၀င္ေဆာင္႐ြက္ျခင္း။

လူႀကီးသူမမ်ားႏွင့္ မိဘဆရာသမားမ်ား၏ အမႈကိစၥမ်ား၌ လည္းေကာင္း၊ ကုသုိလ္ေရးကိစၥမ်ား၌ လည္းေကာင္း ပါ၀င္ေဆာင္႐ြက္ျခင္းသည္ အလြန္မြန္ျမတ္ေသာ ေ၀ယ်ာ၀စၥအလုပ္ျဖစ္သည္။

Participating in meritorious actions
Fulfilling one’s duty towards elders, parents and teachers and participating in performing acts of merit are, indeed, noble services.

SENSUOUS SPHERE - ကာမဘူမိ

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SENSUOUS SPHERE Kᾱmabhumi

ကာမဘူမိ - ကာမဘုံ၊ ကာမဂုဏ္အာ႐ုံငါးပါး ထူေျပာေသာဘုံ။

Planes of sensuous desire

SENSUAL DESIRE - ကာမစၧႏၵ

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SENSUAL DESIRE Kᾱmacchanda

ကာမစၧႏၵ - ကာမဂုဏ္၌ လုိခ်င္ေတာင့္တမႈ။

Desire for pleasures of the sense

SENSE OBJECTS - ကာမဂုဏ

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SENSE OBJECTS Kᾱmaguṇa

ကာမဂုဏ - ကာမဂုဏ္။

႐ူပါ႐ုံစေသာ အာ႐ုံငါးပါးကုိ ကာမဂုဏ္ဟု ေခၚသည္။

The five sense-objects, such as visible objects, are called kamaguna.

SENSATION - ေ၀ဒနာ

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SENSATION Vedanᾱ

ေ၀ဒနာ - ေ၀ဒနာ၊ အာ႐ုံခံစားျခင္း။

ခံစားရရွိေသာ အာ႐ုံအရ သုခေ၀ဒနာ, ဒုကၡေ၀ဒနာ, ဥေပကၡာေ၀ဒနာ - ဟု ေ၀ဒနာ သုံးမ်ဳိးရွိသည္။

Feeling
There are three kinds of sensation. It may be pleasant, or unpleasant or neither-pleasant nor unpleasant, depending on the nature of sensation one senses or feels.

SELF TORTURE - အတၱကိလမထ

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SELF TORTURE Attakilamatha

အတၱကိလမထ - ခႏၶာကုိယ္ ပင္ပန္းဆင္းရဲေအာင္ ၫွဥ္းဆဲျခင္း။

မိမိကုိယ္ကုိ ပင္ပန္းဆင္းရဲေအာင္ ျပဳက်င့္ျခင္းသည္ အစြန္းတစ္ဖက္သုိ႔ ေရာက္ေသာအက်င့္ျဖစ္သည္။

Self-castigation; self-mortification
Giving oneself up to self-castigation is an extreme type of practice.

SEEING SHOWS - ၀ိသူကဒႆန

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SEEING SHOWS Visῡkadassana

၀ိသူကဒႆန - ေျငာင့္တံက်င္သဖြယ္ကုိ ၾကည့္႐ႈျခင္း၊ ဘုရားရွင္အဆုံးအမေတာ္ႏွင့္ ဆန္႔က်င္ဖီလာျဖစ္ေသာ ပြဲ စသည္ကို ၾကည့္႐ႈျခင္း။

ပြဲၾကည့္ျခင္းသည္ ဘုရားရွင္၏ အဆုံးအမေတာ္ႏွင့္ ဆန္႔က်င္ဘက္ျဖစ္၍ ဥပုသ္ေစာင့္သူတစ္ဦးသည္ ပြဲၾကည့္ျခင္း စသည္ကုိ ေရွာင္ၾကဥ္ရသည္

Looking at things which are like spikes
Seeing shows, etc, which are contrary to the Buddha’s teaching.
Seeing shows or entertainments is contrary to the Buddha’s teaching and is prohibited when one is observing the eight, nine or ten precepts.

SECLUSION - ၀ိေ၀က

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SECLUSION Viveka

၀ိေ၀က - ကင္းစိတ္ျခင္း၊ ၿငိမ္းေအးျခင္း။

ယင္း ကင္းဆိတ္ျခင္း၊ ၿငိမ္းေအးျခင္းတုိ႔သည္ ၃-ပါးရွိသည္။

(၁) ကာယ၀ိေ၀က - ကာမဂုဏ္ ကိေလသာတုိ႔မွ ကင္းလြတ္ျခင္း ဟူေသာ ကုိယ္၏ ကင္းဆိတ္ၿငိမ္းေအးမႈ၊
(၂) စိတၱ၀ိေ၀က - ကိေလသာ ကာမတရားတုိ႔မွ ကင္းလြတ္ျခင္းဟူေသာ စိတ္၏ ကင္းဆိတ္ၿငိမ္းေအးမႈ၊
(၃) ဥပဓိ၀ိေ၀က - ဖလသမာပတ္ကုိ ၀င္စား၍ နိဗၺာန္ကုိ အာ႐ုံျပဳေနျခင္းဟူေသာ ကင္းဆိတ္ ၿငိမ္းေအးမႈတုိ႔ ျဖစ္သည္။

Solitary seclusion; detachment; serenity

The three kinds of viveka are :-
(1) Kᾱya viveka – seclusion of the body, which is free of attachment to sensual pleasures;
(2) Citta viveka – detachment of the mind from defilements;
(3) Upadhi viveka – the serenity of mind absorbed in Fruition and inclined towards Nibbᾱna.

SEASONAL OFFERING OF ROBES - ကထိနစီ၀ရ

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SEASONAL OFFERING OF ROBES Kathinacivara

ကထိနစီ၀ရ - ကထိန္သကၤန္း၊ ကထိန္ကံေဆာင္ရန္ လႉအပ္ေသာ သကၤန္း။

ဘုရားရွင္လက္ထက္က ပါေ၀ယ်တုိင္းသား ဘဒၵ၀ဂၢီညီေနာင္သုံးက်ိပ္တုိ႔အား အေၾကာင္းျပဳ၍ သံဃာေတာ္မ်ား သကၤန္းလုံေလာက္ရန္ ကထိန္သကၤန္းအလႉခံခြင့္ျပဳထားသည္။ ကထိန္ခင္းရန္ခြင့္ျပဳေသာ ရက္အပုိ္င္းအျခား သည္ သီတင္းကၽြတ္လျပည့္ေက်ာ္ တစ္ရက္ေန႔မွ တန္ေဆာင္မုန္းလျပည့္ေန႔အထိ တစ္လသာ ျဖစ္သည္။ ကထိန္သကၤန္းကုိ အမိအဖတုိ႔ထံမွေသာ္လည္း အလႉမခံရပါ။ သဒၶါအေလ်ာက္ျဖစ္ေပၚလာေသာ သကၤန္းျဖစ္မွ သိမ္အတြင္း ၀ါဆုိသံဃာမ်ားစုေ၀း၍ ကမၼ၀ါ႐ြတ္ဖတ္ၿပီး ကထိန္ခင္းရသည္။ သကၤန္းလႉေသာအခါ ပုဂၢိဳလ္ကုိ မလႉရ။ သံဃာကုိ ရည္ၫႊန္းလႉရသည္။ သံဃာ့အစည္းအေ၀း၌ သကၤန္းရွားပါးေသာ ရဟန္းအား ထုိကထိန္သကၤန္းကုိ ေပးရသည္။ လႉေသာသူေရာ ခံယူသူရဟန္းပါ အက်ဳိးငါးမ်ဳိး ရရွိသည္။

Kathina civara; robes offered to the saṁgha for holding a kathina ceremony.
Offering of kathina robes had its origin to a group of bhikkhus known as the Bhaddavaggi Brothers of Paveyya region. The Buddha allowed a special form of offering of robes to the members of the Order who were in need of robes. One-month period from the first waning day of Thadingyut (October), the end of the monsoon rains-retreat period, to the fullmoon day of Tazaungmon (November) was prescribed during which kathina robes may be offered. This special offering is to be purely voluntary. Bhikkhus are not supposed to ask for such donation even from their own parents. Robes are offered to the Order and not to any individual bhikkhu. These are placed before those members of the Order who have observed their rains-retreat period and a prescribed ritual is held in a sima by the saṁgha before disposing them of in the presence of the assembly to the needy members. This special offering of robes brings five kindsof benefit to the donors as well as to the recipients.

SCRIPTURES - ပိဋက

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SCRIPTURES Piṭaka

ပိဋက - ပိဋကတ္ေတာ္၊ သင္ယူအပ္ေသာ ပရိယတၲိစာေပ၊ ျခင္းေတာင္း။ (တိပိဋက ၾကည့္)

Canonical text to be studied; basket

See THREE BASKETS.

SABBATH - ဥပုသ္

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SABBATH

See FASTING DAYS: OBSERVANCE OF FASTING DAYS.

ROUND OF EXISTENCES - သံသာရ

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ROUND OF EXISTENCES Saṁsᾱra

သံသာရ - သံသရာ၊ ဘ၀အဆက္ဆက္မျပတ္ျဖစ္ျခင္း။

႐ုပ္ နာမ္ ခႏၶာတုိ႔ မျပတ္ျဖစ္ေပၚျခင္းကုိ သံသရာဟု ေခၚသည္။

The continuous arising of existences
The continuous arising of mind and matter, aggregates, is Saṁsᾱra.

ROOT CAUSE - ေဟတု

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ROOT CAUSE Hetu

ေဟတု - အေၾကာင္းရင္း၊ အေျခအျမစ္၊ ဟိတ္။

ဆင္းရဲျခင္းကုိ ျဖစ္ေစေသာ အဓိကအေၾကာင္းရင္း သုံးရပ္မွာ - ေလာဘ, ေဒါသ, ေမာဟ တုိ႔ျဖစ္သည္။

Root condition
The three main causes of suffering are greed, hatred and bewilderment.

ROBES - စီ၀ရ

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ROBES Cῑvara

စီ၀ရ - သကၤန္း၊ ရဟန္းသာမေဏတုိ႔ ၀တ္႐ုံသုံးေဆာင္သည့္ အ၀တ္အထည္။

ကိေလသာစင္ေသာ ရဟႏၲာအရွင္ျမတ္တုိ႔၏ အလံတံခြန္ (အရဟတၱဓဇ)ဟုလည္း ေခၚဆုိသည္။ သစ္ေခါက္ျပဳတ္ရည္ျဖင့္ ဆုိးရေသာေၾကာင့္ ဖန္ရည္ဆုိးေသာအ၀တ္ (ကာသာ၀)ဟုလည္း ေခၚသည္။ လူအနာဂါမ္ပုဂၢိဳလ္သည္ပင္ သကၤန္း၀တ္ဆင္ထားေသာ ပုထုဇဥ္ ရွင္သာမေဏကုိ အ႐ုိအေသျပဳရ၏။ လမ္းခရီး၌ စြန္႔ပစ္ထားေသာ မစင္လိမ္းက်ံေနသည့္ သကၤန္းကုိပင္ လူနတ္ ျဗဟၼာ၀တၱ၀ါတုိ႔ လက္အုပ္ခ်ီမုိး ရွိခုိးထုိက္၏။ သကၤန္း၌ မျမင္ရေသာ ဂုဏ္သတၱိထူးမ်ား တည္ရွိေနသည္။ လူ႔ဘ၀ျဖင့္ ရဟႏၲာျဖစ္သူသည္ ယုတ္ညံ့ေသာ လူ႔အသြင္ျဖင့္ မေနႏုိင္။ ရဟႏၲာျဖစ္ေသာေန႔မွာပင္ သကၤန္း၀တ္႐ုံ၍ ရဟန္းျပဳမွ အသက္ရွည္ၾကာစြာ ေနႏုိင္၏။ ရဟန္းမျပဳခဲ့လွ်င္ ထုိ႔ေန႔မွာပင္ ပရိနိဗၺာန္ျပဳရ၏။ သကၤန္းသည္ သာသနာကြယ္ျခင္း၊ မကြယ္ျခင္း၏ အမွတ္အသားတစ္ခုလည္း ျဖစ္သည္။ သကၤန္းတစ္ထြာ, တစ္ၫိႈ ၀တ္႐ုံထားလွ်င္ပင္ ရွိခုိးခံထုိက္၍ သာသနာတည္ေနေသးသူဟု ဆုိရ၏။ ထုိသာသနာကုိ (လိဂၤသာသနာ) အသြင္သာသနာဟု ေခၚသည္။ ၀တ္႐ုံသူသည္လည္း လုိခ်င္မႈမရွိေအာင္ အ၀တ္အထည္အေကာင္းကုိပင္ လယ္ကြက္မ်ားကဲ့သုိ႔ျဖစ္ေအာင္ ခ်ဳပ္စပ္၍ အေရာင္တစ္မ်ဳိးတည္းဆုိးထားသည္။ သကၤန္းခ်ဳပ္ရန္ အ၀တ္အထည္ေကာင္း မရရွိလွ်င္ အမႈိက္ပုံ သူေသေကာင္ စသည္တုိ႔မွ ေကာက္ယူ ဖြတ္ေလွ်ာ္၍ ခ်ဳပ္စပ္၀တ္႐ုံ ရသည္။

သကၤန္းသည္ အခ်ဳပ္အားျဖင့္ သုံးထည္ရွိသည္ -

(၁) သံဃာဋိ - ဒုကုဋ္ (ႏွစ္ထပ္သကၤန္းႀကီး)၊

(၂) ဥတၱရာသဂၤ - ကုိယ္႐ုံဧကသီ၊

(၃) အႏၲရ၀ါသက - ကုိယ္၀တ္သင္းပုိင္။

အျခားလဲလွယ္စရာ အပုိမထား၊ မ်က္ႏွာသုတ္ပ၀ါ, ေစာင္ စသည္မရွိ။ ဤသကၤန္းသုံးထည္မွ်ျဖင့္ေနေသာ အက်င့္ကုိ “ေတစီ၀ရိက ဓုတကၤ - တိစီ၀ရိက္ဓုတင္” ဟုေခၚသည္။

Dyed robes worn by bhikkhus and samaṇeras
The monastic robes are also referred to as ‘the banner of the arahats’, arahattadhaja, and being dyed with the substance obtained from the bark of trees, they are called “kᾱsᾱva”. The sanctity of the robes is such that, even a lay-disciple of the Non-Returner status has to pay his respects to a novice, and that even a dirty, discarded robe is worthy of being accorded homage by gods and men.

A lay person who attains arahatship can no longer assume lay appearance but dons the robes on the very day of attainmentor otherwise will pass away the same day.

The robes are also a symbol of the existence of the teaching. Even if the day should arrive when only a scrap of the robe is symbolically worn as a mark of bhikkhuhood on the person thewearer should be paid homage to, and it can be said that the Teaching is still extant. With the aim of keeping the wearer from becoming attached to it and others from wanting to possess it, robes are dyed throughout with the same colour and even if there be sufficient cloth to be made into a robe, it is deliberately cut into small pieces first so that the finished robe is a patchwork of squares resembling a paddy-field.

If there is no clean cloth to be made intoa robe, the approved practice is to collect discarded cloth from rubbish heaps and dead bodies, and after washing and dyeing them, to patch these up into a robe.

A set of monastic apparel consists of three pieces: an undergarment called antaravᾱsaka, an upper robe called uttarᾱsaṅga and the great robe of two layers called saṁghᾱti. The ascetic practice of Tecῑvarika dhutaṅga calls for using only a single set of three robes to the exclusion of other items such as towels and blankets.

RIGHTEOUS ACTION - ပဒကၡိဏကမၼ

2008-10-09T10:52:00.000+06:30

RIGHTEOUS ACTION Padakkhiṇakamma

ပဒကၡိဏကမၼ - တုိးတက္ႀကီးပြားေၾကာင္းအလုပ္။

ေကာင္းျမတ္ေသာ ကံသုံးပါးကုိ ျပဳၾကကုန္၍ ေကာင္းျမတ္ေသာအက်ဳိးကုိ ရရွိၾကကုန္၏။

Commendable deed
He who does righteous acts physically, verbally and mentally has the benefits thereby.

RIGHT VIEW - သမၼာဒိ႒ိ

2008-10-09T10:50:00.000+06:30

RIGHT VIEW Sammᾱdiṭṭhi

သမၼာဒိ႒ိ - မွန္ကန္ေသာ အျမင္, မွန္ကန္ေသာအယူ၊ ေကာင္းေသာ အျမင္, ေကာင္းေသာအယူ။

ကံ, ကံ၏အက်ဳိးကုိ ယုံၾကည္ျခင္း၊ သစၥာေလးပါးသိျမင္ျခင္းသည္ သမၼာဒိ႒ိ မည္၏။

Right understanding

Right view means a firm belief in kamma, i.e, ones actions and the result thereof. It also means comprehending the four Ariya Truths.

RIGHT THINKING - သမၼာသကၤပၸ

2008-10-09T10:49:00.000+06:30

RIGHT THINKING Sammᾱsaṅkappa

သမၼာသကၤပၸ - မွန္ကန္ေသာ အႀကံအစည္၊ ေကာင္းစြာႀကံစည္မႈ။

ေနကၡမၼ၀ိတက္၊ အဗ်ာပါဒ၀ိတက္ႏွင့္ အ၀ိဟႎသာ၀ိတက္တုိ႔သည္ သမၼာသကၤပၸ မည္၏။

Right Thinking means thinking about renouncing the world, and thoughts free from ill-will and cruelty.

RIGHT SPEECH - သမၼာ၀ါစာ

2008-10-09T10:48:00.002+06:30

RIGHT SPEECH Sammᾱvᾱcᾱ

သမၼာ၀ါစာ - ေကာင္းစြာ စကားဆုိျခင္း၊ မွန္ကန္ေသာ စကားကုိ ဆုိျခင္း။

၀စီဒုစ႐ုိက္ ၄-ပါးမွ ေရွာင္ၾကဥ္ျခင္းသည္ သမၼာ၀ါစာ မည္၏။

Right speech consists in refraining from the four kinds of evil speech.

RIGHT MINDFULNESS - သမၼာသတိ

2008-10-09T10:48:00.001+06:30

RIGHT MINDFULNESS Sammᾱsati

သမၼာသတိ - မွန္ကန္ေသာ ေအာက္ေမ႔အမွတ္ရျခင္း၊ ေကာင္းစြာေအာက္ေမ႔ျခင္း။

ကုသုိလ္တရားတုိ႔၌ ေကာင္းစြာ ေအာက္ေမ႔သတိရျခင္းသည္ သမၼာသတိ မည္၏။

Right Mindfulness means being never forgetful about doing good things that are meritorious.

RIGHT LIVELIHOOD - သမၼာအာဇီ၀

2008-10-09T10:47:00.001+06:30

RIGHT LIVELIHOOD Sammᾱajῑva

သမၼာအာဇီ၀ - မွန္ကန္ေသာ အသက္ေမြးျခင္း၊ ေကာင္းစြာ အသက္ေမြးျခင္း။

ကာယဒုစ႐ုိက္ ၃-ပါး၊ ၀စီဒုစ႐ုိက္ ၄-ပါးတုိ႔ႏွင့္ ကင္းလြတ္၍ မည္သူကုိမွ် ထိခုိက္နစ္နာေစမႈ မရွိေသာ အသက္ေမြးမႈသည္ သမၼာအာဇီ၀ မည္၏။

Right livelihood means earning a living that in no way harms anybody, and in ways that are free from the three kinds of physical misdeed and the four kinds of evil speech.

RIGHT EFFORT - သမၼာ၀ါယာမ

2008-10-09T10:46:00.000+06:30

RIGHT EFFORT Sammᾱvᾱyᾱma

သမၼာ၀ါယာမ - မွန္ကန္ေသာ အားထုတ္ျခင္းလုံ႔လ၊ ေကာင္းစြာအားထုတ္မႈ။

ျဖစ္ၿပီးေသာ အကုသုိလ္တရားတုိ႔ကုိ ပယ္ႏုိင္ေအာင္ ႀကိဳးစားအားထုတ္ျခင္း၊ မျဖစ္ေသးေသာ အကုသုိလ္ တရားတုိ႔ကုိ မျဖစ္ေအာင္ ႀကိဳးစားအားထုတ္ျခင္း၊ မျဖစ္ေသးေသာ ကုသုိလ္တရားတုိ႔ကုိ ျဖစ္ေပၚေအာင္ ႀကိဳးစားအားထုတ္ျခင္း၊ ျဖစ္ၿပီးေသာ ကုသုိလ္တရားတုိ႔ကုိ တုိးတက္မ်ားျပားလာေအာင္ ႀကိဳးစားအားထုတ္ျခင္း ဟူေသာ သမၼပၸဓာန္ေလးပါးႏွင့္အညီ ႀကိဳးစားအားထုတ္ျခင္းသည္ သမၼာ၀ါယာမ ျဖစ္သည္။

Right endeavour

Right Effort consists in striving to discard whatever demerit that has accrued to oneself and to stave off whatever demerit that has not arisen in oneself, as well as in striving to earn whatever merit that has not accrued to oneself and to enhance whatever merit that has already arisen in oneself.

RIGHT CONCENTRATION - သမၼာသမာဓိ

2008-10-09T10:45:00.000+06:30

RIGHT CONCENTRATION Sammᾱsamᾱdhi

သမၼာသမာဓိ - မွန္ကန္ေသာ တည္ၾကည္ျခင္း၊ ေကာင္းစြာတည္ၾကည္ျခင္း။

Right concentration consists of concentration of one’s thought on a single object.

See also NOBLE EIGHTFOLD PATH.

RIGHT ACTION - သမၼာကမၼႏၲ

2008-10-09T10:44:00.000+06:30

RIGHT ACTION Sammᾱkammanta

သမၼာကမၼႏၲ - မွန္ကန္ေသာအလုပ္၊ ေကာင္းစြာျပဳလုပ္မႈ။

ကာယဒုစ႐ုိက္ သုံးပါးမွ ေရွာင္ၾကဥ္ျခင္းသည္ သမၼာကမၼႏၲ မည္၏။

Right conduct
Right action consists of abstaining from the three demeritorious bodily actions, i.e., killing living beings, taking that which is not given, and sexual misconduct.

See also NOBLE EIGHTFOLD PATH.

RESULTANT - ၀ိပါက

2008-10-09T10:43:00.001+06:30

RESULTANT Vipᾱka

၀ိပါက - ၀ိပါက္၊ အက်ဳိး။

Effect of kamma

REPEATED CONTEMPLATION - အႏုႆတိ

2008-10-08T14:53:00.002+06:30

REPEATED CONTEMPLATION Anussati

အႏုႆတိ - အဖန္ဖန္ေအာက္ေမ႔ျခင္း၊ အဖန္ဖန္သတိရျခင္း။

အႏုႆတိ ဆယ္ပါးတုိ႔မွာ ေအာက္ပါအတုိင္းျဖစ္သည္ -

(၁) ဗုဒၶါႏုႆတိ - ျမတ္စြာဘုရား၏ ဂုဏ္ေတာ္ကုိ အဖန္ဖန္ေအာက္ေမ႔ဆင္ျခင္ပြားမ်ားမႈ။ ဗုဒၶါႏုႆတိကုိ ႐ႈပြားရာတြင္ ျမတ္စြာဘုရား၏ ဂုဏ္ေတာ္ တစ္ပါးပါးကုိျဖစ္ေစ အဖန္ဖန္႐ႈပြားရမည္။ ဗုဒၶါႏုႆတိသည္ စိတ္ကုိ ျဖဴစင္ေစၿပီး စိတ္တည္ၾကည္မႈႏွင့္ စိတ္ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းမႈတုိ႔ကုိ ျဖစ္ပြားေစသည္။

(၂) ဓမၼႏုႆတိ - တရား၏ ဂုဏ္ေတာ္ကုိ အဖန္ဖန္ေအာက္ေမ႔ဆင္ျခင္ ပြားမ်ားမႈ။ ဓမၼာႏုႆတိကုိ ႐ႈပြားရာတြင္ မဂ္, ဖုိလ္, နိဗၺာန္တရားေတာ္မ်ား၏ ဂုဏ္ေတာ္တုိ႔ကုိ အဖန္ဖန္ ေအာက္ေမ႔ဆင္ျခင္ ႐ႈပြားရမည္။ ဓမၼာႏုႆတိသည္လည္း စိတ္ကုိျဖဴစင္ေစၿပီး စိတ္တည္ၾကည္မႈႏွင့္ စိတ္ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းမႈတုိ႔ကုိ ျဖစ္ေစသည္။

(၃) သံဃာႏုႆတိ - သံဃာေတာ္၏ ဂုဏ္ေတာ္ကုိ အဖန္ဖန္ေအာက္ေမ႔ဆင္ျခင္ ပြားမ်ားမႈ။ သံဃာႏုႆတိကုိ ႐ႈပြားရာတြင္ အရိယာသံဃာေတာ္၏ ဂုဏ္ေတာ္ကုိးပါးအနက္ တစ္ပါးပါးကုိျဖစ္ေစ, အားလုံးကုိျဖစ္ေစ အဖန္ဖန္ ႐ႈပြားရမည္။ သံဃာႏုႆတိသည္လည္း စိတ္ကုိျဖဴစင္ေစၿပီး အလြန္အက်ဳိး ႀကီးမားသည္။

(၄) သီလာႏုႆတိ - သီလ၏ ဂုဏ္ေတာ္ကုိ အဖန္ဖန္ေအာက္ေမ႔ဆင္ျခင္ပြားမ်ားမႈ။ မိမိေစာင့္ထိန္းထားေသာ သီလ၏ မက်ဳိးမေပါက္ မေျပာက္မၾကားပုံတုိ႔ကုိ အဖန္ဖန္ေအာက္ေမ႔ ဆင္ျခင္ပြားမ်ားမႈကုိ သီလာႏုႆတိဟု ေခၚသည္။ သီလာႏုႆတိသည္ စိတ္ကုိျဖဴစင္ေစၿပီး စိတ္တည္ၾကည္မႈႏွင့္ စိတ္ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းမႈတုိ႔ကုိ ျဖစ္ပြားေစသည္။

(၅) စာဂါႏုႆတိ - လႉဒါန္းေပးကမ္းခဲ့ျခင္းကုိ အဖန္ဖန္ေအာက္ေမ႔ျခင္း။ မိမိ ရက္ရက္ေရာေရာ စြန္႔ႀကဲေပးကမ္း လႉဒါန္းခဲ့ေသာဂုဏ္ကုိ အာ႐ုံျပဳ၍ အဖန္ဖန္ေအာက္ေမ႔ ဆင္ျခင္ပြားမ်ားမႈကုိ စာဂါႏုႆတိ ဟု ေခၚသည္။

(၆) ေဒ၀တာႏုႆတိ - နတ္ျဗဟၼမ်ားကုိ သက္ေသထား၍ မိမိျပဳထားသည့္ ကုသုိလ္ေကာင္းမႈမ်ားကုိ အဖန္ဖန္ ေအာက္ေမ႔ဆင္ျခင္ ပြားမ်ားမႈ။ သူေတာ္ေကာင္းတရား ခုႏွစ္ပါးႏွင့္ ျပည့္စုံသူမ်ား ကြယ္လြန္ၾကသည့္အခါ နတ္ ျဗဟၼာမ်ား ျဖစ္ၾကရသည္။ ငါ့တြင္လည္း ထုိသုိ႔ေသာ သူေတာ္ေကာင္းတရားမ်ား ရွိေပ၏ - ဟု အဖန္ဖန္ ေအာက္ေမ႔ဆင္ျခင္ျခင္းကုိ ေဒ၀တာႏုႆတိဟု ေခၚ၏။ ေဒ၀တာႏုႆတိ သည္လည္း စိတ္ကုိျဖဴစင္ေစႏုိင္ေသာ အႏုႆတိတစ္ပါးပင္ျဖစ္သည္။

(၇) ဥပသမာႏုႆတိ - နိဗၺာန္၏ဂုဏ္ကုိ အဖန္ဖန္ေအာက္ေမ႔ ဆင္ျခင္ျခင္း။

(၈) ကာယဂတာႆတိ - မိမိခႏၶာကုိယ္၏ ေကာ႒ာသ ၃၂-မ်ဳိးကုိ အဖန္ဖန္ေအာက္ေမ႔ဆင္ျခင္ ပြားမ်ားမႈ၊ ထုိသုိ႔ဆင္ျခင္ပြားမ်ားျခင္းသည္ စိတ္ကုိျဖဴစင္ေစၿပီး သမာဓိကု ျဖစ္ေပၚေစသည္။

(၉) မရဏာႏုႆတိ - ေသျခင္းတရားကုိ အဖန္တလဲလဲ ေအာက္ေမ႔ျခင္း။ ငါ၏ အသက္ရွင္ျခင္းသည္ မၿမဲ၊ ငါ၏ ေသျခင္းသည္ ၿမဲ၏ - ဟု အဖန္ဖန္ေအာက္ေမ႔ဆင္ျခင္ပြားမ်ားမႈကုိ မရဏာႏုႆတိဟု ေခၚသည္။ ဤသုိ႔ ႐ႈပြားျခင္းသည္ မာန, ေလာဘ, ေဒါသ စသည္တုိ႔ကုိ ေလ်ာ့ပါးေစၿပီး၊ စိတ္ျဖဴစင္မႈကုိ ျဖစ္ပြားေစ၏။

(၁၀) အာနာပါနႆတိ - ထြက္သက္၊ ၀င္သက္ ေလတုိ႔ကုိ သတိထား၍ ႐ႈပြားျခင္း။ ဤသုိ႔ ႐ႈပြားျခင္းသည္ စိတ္ကုိ ျဖဴစင္ေစၿပီး သမာဓိကုိ ျဖစ္ေစႏုိင္သည္။

Constant mindfulness; repeated contemplation

Constant mindfulness of ten things consists of :-

(1) reflecting on the virtues of the Buddha, Buddhᾱnussati : reflecting repeatedly on any one or all of the nine virtues of the Buddha, which leads to concentration and peace of mind.

(2) reflecting on the virtues of Dhamma, Dhammᾱnussati : reflecting repeatedly on the virtues of the Path and Fruition, which leads to concentration and peace of mind.

(3) reflecting on the virtues of the Saṁgha, Saṁghᾱnussati : reflecting repeatedly on any one or all of the nine attributes of the Noble Ones, the Ariyas, which ennobles the mind and brings benefits:

(4) reflecting on the perfection of morality, Sῑlᾱnussati, is repeatedly reflecting on the untainted, wholesomeness of one’s morality which promotes peace and tranquility of the mind.

(5) reflecting on one’s charitable deeds, Caganussati, is repeatedly reflecting on the meritorious nature of one’s charitable deeds and generous gifts which ennobles the mind and develops the power of concentration.

(6) reflecting on one’s virtue and thinking of celestial beings as precedents, Devatanussati, is repeatedly dwelling on the strength of one’s convictions and the like, thinking of precedents where such virtues result in being born as devas or brahmas, thus one’s heart is with peace and joy.

(7) reflecting on the sublime attributes of Nibbᾱna, Upasmanussati, is repeatedly reflecting on the attainment of Nibbᾱna.

(8) reflecting on the constituent parts of the body, Kayagatasati, meditating on the 32 constituent parts of the body which helps purify the mind and builds up concentration.

(9) reflecting on the nature of death, Marananussati, repeatedly reflecting on the inevitability of death, compared to the uncertainty of life which tends to lessen thoughts of conceit, greed, hatred, etc, and leads to purification of the mind.

(10) being mindful of out-breath and in-breath, Anapanassati, contemplating out-breathing and in-breathing which helps purify the mind and builds up concentration.

RELIQUARY - ဓာတုဂဗၻ

2008-10-08T12:21:00.002+06:30

RELIQUARY Dhᾱtugabbha

ဓာတုဂဗၻ - ဓာတ္ေတာ္တုိက္။

ေစတီေတာ္၏ အတြင္း၌ရွိေသာ ဓာတ္ေတာ္တုိက္သည္ အမြန္ျမတ္ဆုံး ေနရာျဖစ္သည္။

The reliquary inside a stupa is the most sacrosanct part of it.

RELIGIOUS PROPERTY - သာသနိက၀တၳဳ

2008-10-08T12:20:00.000+06:30

RELIGIOUS PROPERTY Sᾱsanikavatthu

သာသနိက၀တၳဳ - သာသနာႏွင့္ဆုိင္ေသာေျမ၊ အေဆာက္အအုံ၊ ဘုရား ေက်ာင္း ကန္ - စသည္။

Property dedicated to religious use

Religious property comprise land, buildings, lakes and the like that have been donated and dedicated for religious use.

RELATIVELY WEAK INSIGHT - တ႐ုဏ၀ိပႆနာဉာဏ

2008-10-08T12:16:00.000+06:30

RELATIVELY WEAK INSIGHT Taruṇavipassanᾱñᾱṇa

တ႐ုဏ၀ိပႆနာဉာဏ - ႏုေသာ၀ိပႆနာဉာဏ္။

ထုိႏုေသာ၀ိပႆနာဉာဏ္သည္ -

(၁) နာမ႐ူပပရိေစၧဒဉာဏ္ - ႐ုပ္နာမ္တုိ႔ကုိ ပုိင္းျခား၍ သိေသာဉာဏ္၊

(၂) ပစၥယပရိဂၢဟဉာဏ္ - ႐ုပ္နာမ္တရားတုိ႔၏ ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္းကုိ သိေသာဉာဏ္၊

(၃) သမၼသနဉာဏ္ - အနိစၥ ဒုကၡ အနတၱအားျဖင့္ ႐ုပ္နာမ္တရားတုိ႔ကုိ သုံးသပ္ဆင္ျခင္ေသာဉာဏ္၊

(၄) ဥဒယဗၺယဉာဏ္ - ႐ုပ္နာမ္တရားတုိ႔၏ ျဖစ္မႈပ်က္မႈတုိ႔ကုိ ႐ႈျမင္ေသာဉာဏ္ - ဟူ၍ ေလးပါးရွိသည္။

Incipient insight

There are four classes of insight knowledge belonging to the initial stages of development, namely, knowledge of the distinction between mind and body, nᾱmarῡpa pariccheda ñᾱṇa, knowledge of the cause of arising of mind and body, paccayapariggaha ñᾱṇa, reflective knowledge of the three characteristics, sammᾱsana ñᾱṇa knowledge with regard to the arising and passing away of conditioned things, udayabhaya ñᾱṇa. These are known as relatively weak Insight.

REJOICING IN OTHERS’ MERIT - ပတၱာႏုေမာဒန

2008-10-08T12:15:00.000+06:30

REJOICING IN OTHERS’ MERIT Pattᾱnumodana

ပတၱာႏုေမာဒန - သူတစ္ပါးတုိ႔ ကုသုိလ္ေကာင္းမႈျပဳသည္ကုိ ၀မ္းေျမာက္ျခင္း၊ သူတပါးတုိ႔က အမွ်ေပးေ၀ေသာ ကုသုိလ္အဖုိ႔ကုိ ၀မ္းေျမာက္ ၀မ္းသာ သာဓုေခၚျခင္း။

သူတပါးကုိ ကုသုိလ္ေကာင္းမႈျပဳသည္ကုိ ၀မ္းေျမာက္မႈ၊ သာဓုေခၚမႈတုိ႔သည္ စိတ္ေစတနာထက္သန္လွ်င္ ထက္သန္သေလာက္ ဘ၀မ်ားစြာ ေကာင္းက်ဳိးေပးႏုိင္သည္။ ၀မ္းေျမာက္၀မ္းသာျဖစ္ျခင္း သာဓုေခၚဆုိျခင္းျဖင့္ ကုသုိလ္ျပဳသူႏွင္ ထပ္တူထပ္မွ် ေကာင္းက်ဳိးခ်မ္းသာမ်ားကုိ ရရွိႏုိင္သည္။ သုိ႔ျဖစ္၍ အမွ်ေပးေ၀ေသာ ကုသုိလ္အဖုိ႔ကုိ ၀မ္းေျမာက္၀မ္းသာ သာဓုေခၚဆုိရ၏။

ေထရ၀ါဒ ဗုဒၶသာသနာ၌ အမွ်ေပးေ၀ျခင္း၊ သာဓုေခၚဆုိရျခင္းသည္ အလြန္အေရးပါလွေသာ ကိစၥတစ္ရပ္ျဖစ္သည္။ အထူးသျဖင့္ ကြယ္လြန္သူ မိဘဘုိုးဘြားမ်ား၊ ေဆြမ်ဳိးသားျခင္းမ်ားအတြက္ သံဃာေတာ္မ်ား ပင့္ဖိတ္၍ သတ္သတ္မွတ္မွတ္ ရည္စူးၿပီး ကုသုိလ္ဒါနျပဳေပးရသည္။ သာဓုေခၚဆုိႏုိင္လွ်င္ ၿပိတၱာဘ၀မွ နတ္ဘ၀သုိ႔ ခ်က္ခ်င္းေရာက္ရ၏။ မေတာ္တဆ စားရမဲ့ ၀တ္ရမဲ႔ၿပိတၱာဘ၀ေရာက္ခဲ့ေသာ္ လူအခ်င္းခ်င္းကဲ့သုိ႔ ေပးေကၽြး၍မရ။ ဤအမွ်ေ၀ျခင္း သာဓုေခၚျခင္း အလုပ္မွတစ္ပါး အျခားလြတ္ေျမာက္ႏုိင္ေသာ နည္းလမ္းမရွိ။ သံဃာေတာ္ဂုဏ္ေက်းဇူးသည္ ဤကိစၥ၌ လြန္စြာထင္ရွားသည္။

By rejoicing in others’ deed of merit and saying “Sadhu (Well-done!)” one gains the same amount of merit as the author of the deed.

Sharing of merit gained and saying “Well-done!” in appreciation, play a vital role in Theravᾱda Buddhism. Offering of food to saṁgha, in memory of one’s departed parents, relatives and friends are especially important. Should they be reborn as ever-hungry beings (petas), in need of food and clothes as those miserable beings are wont to be, one’s call to share merit will be their only means of release, for if they were to say “Well-done!” in response, they would be immediately reborn in the celestial realms. This also makes the attributes of the Saṁgha monastic order most evident.

REFUGE - သရဏ

2008-10-08T12:13:00.000+06:30

REFUGE Saraṇa

သရဏ - ကုိးကြယ္အားထားရာ ရတနာသုံးပါး။

ဆည္းကပ္ကုိးကြယ္သူတုိ႔၏ ေဘးရန္အႏၲရာယ္အမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိး ပယ္ေဖ်ာက္ေပးတတ္၍ ဘုရား-တရား-သံဃာ ရတနာသုံးပါးကုိ သရဏ ဟု ေခၚသည္။

The Three Gems as Refuge

The Three Gems are called Refuge because they protect the one who takes refuge in them against all kinds of danger and misfortune.

REFLECTION - ပစၥေ၀ကၡဏာ

2008-10-08T12:12:00.000+06:30

REFLECTION Paccavekkhaṇᾱ

ပစၥေ၀ကၡဏာ - ပစၥေ၀ကၡဏာ ဆင္ျခင္ျခင္း၊ ဉာဏ္ျဖင့္သက္၀င္၍ အဖန္ဖန္႐ႈမွတ္ ဆင္ျခင္တတ္ေသာတရား။

ဆင္ျခင္ျခင္းႏွစ္မ်ဳိးရွိ၏ -

(၁) ရဟန္းသာမေဏတုိ႔သည္ ဒါယကာ ဒါယိကာမတုိ႔ လႉဒါန္းအပ္ေသာ ဆြမ္း, သကၤန္း, ေက်ာင္း, ေဆး ပစၥည္းေလးပါးတုိ႔၌ အဖန္တလဲလဲ ႐ႈမွတ္ဆင္ျခင္ျခင္း။

(၂) အရိယာပုဂၢိဳလ္တုိ႔သည္ မိမိရၿပီးေသာ မဂ္ဖုိလ္တုိ႔ကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ ပယ္ၿပီးေသာကိေလသာႏွင့္ မပယ္ရေသး ႂကြင္းက်န္ေသာ ကိေလသာတုိ႔ကုိ လည္းေကာင္း ျပန္၍ ဆင္ျခင္ျခင္း။

Review; reflecting again and again with Insight

There are two kinds of reflection :-

(1) (of novice and bhikkhus) – reflecting on the proper use and attitude towards the four requisites of food, robes, dwelling place and medicines offered by lay devotees.

(2) (of ariyas) – reviewing the Path and Fruition attained, the defilements already destroyed and those not yet destroyed.

REALM OF CONTINUOUS SUFFERING - နိရယ

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REALM OF CONTINUOUS SUFFERING Niraya

နိရယ - ငရဲဘုံ၊ ခ်မ္းသာကင္းၿပီး ဆင္းရဲျခင္းအတိၿပီးေသာ ဘုံဘ၀။

ငရဲသားမ်ားသည္ ငရဲထိန္းႏွင့္ ငရဲေခြးတုိ႔၏ ႏွိပ္စက္မႈကုိ အၿမဲခံေနၾကရသည္။ ငရဲမီးေလာင္မႈကုိ အၿမဲခံစားေနရသည္။ ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ ျပင္းထန္ေသာ ဒုကၡေ၀ဒနာုိ ခံစားေနရေသာ္လည္း အသက္မေသႏုိင္။ အကုသုိလ္ကံမကုန္ေသးသမွ် အသက္ရွင္လ်က္ ဆက္လက္တည္ေနရသည္။ အကုသုိလ္ကံ ကုန္ဆုံးမွ ငရဲသားဘ၀ လြတ္ေျမာက္၍ အျခားဘ၀သုိ႔ ကူးေျပာင္းႏုိင္သည္။

Beings reborn in the realms of continuous suffering, niraya, are continuously tortured by the warders and blood hounds. However much they suffer pain, they do not die, for they are born to suffer for a long long time. Only when the kammic force that had led them to such a painful existence has spent itself can they get their release, to be reborn in another plance of existence.

RAINS RETREAT PERIOD - ၀ႆာ၀ါသ

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RAINS RETREAT PERIOD Vassᾱvᾱsa

၀ႆာ၀ါသ - ၀ါဆုိျခင္း၊ ၀ါကပ္ျခင္း၊ မုိးသုံးလအတြင္း ၀ါဆုိသည့္ေက်ာင္းတုိက္ အာရာမ္တြင္းမွာ ေနရျခင္း။

၀ါဆုိမႈသည္ ျမတ္စြာဘုရားရွင္ သက္ေတာ္ထင္ရွားရွိစဥ္ကပင္ ရွိခဲ့သည္။ ၀ါဆုိ ၀ါကပ္ ဥပေဒ မပညတ္မီက ရဟန္းမ်ားသည္ ဥတုသုံးလီ ေနပူမုိး႐ြာမေရွာင္ လွည့္လည္သြားလာေနခဲ့ၾကသည္။ မုိးကာလ လူတုိ႔စုိက္ပ်ဳိးထားေသာ စုိက္ပ်ဳိပင္မ်ားကုိ ရဟန္းတုိ႔ ေက်ာ္ျဖတ္နင္းၾကသျဖင့္ စုိက္ပ်ဳိးပင္မ်ား ပ်က္စီးေသာေၾကာင့္ လူတုိ႔က ရဟန္းမ်ားကုိ ကဲ့ရဲ႕ၾကသည္။ ျမက္သစ္ပင္ ေရေပါက္ငယ္မ်ားကုိပင္ အသက္ရွိသည္ဟု ယူဆသူမ်ားလည္း ရွိေနသည္။ အဘယ့္ေၾကာင့္ ဘုရားသားေတာ္ ရဟန္းမ်ားသည္ အပင္ငယ္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပုိးမႊားမ်ားကုိ နင္းေျခဖ်က္ဆီးလ်က္ တစ္ႏွစ္ပတ္လုံး ခရီးသြားေနၾကပါသနည္း။ သာသနာျပင္ပ တိတၳိတုိ႔ေသာ္မွ မုိးဥတုတြင္ ခရီးမထြက္ဘဲ ေၾကာင့္ၾကမဲ့ ေနႏုိင္ၾကသည္။ ယုတ္စြအဆုံး ငွက္တိရစၧာန္တုိ႔ေသာ္မွ မုိးကာလတြင္ အသုိက္၌ေနၾကသည္။ အပင္ငယ္မ်ား သတၱ၀ါငယ္ေလးမ်ား ပ်က္စီးေသေၾက ၾကရသည္ဟု ကဲ့ရဲ႕ျပစ္တင္ ႐ႈတ္ခ်ၾကသည္။

ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ ဘုရားရွင္က ရဟန္းေတာ္မ်ား မုိးသုံးလကာလပတ္လုံး ခရီးမထြက္ရေသာ ၀ါဆုိ ၀ါကပ္ ဥပေဒကုိ ပညတ္ခဲ့ရသည္။

၀ါကပ္ျခင္း ႏွစ္မ်ဳိးရွိသည္ -

(၁) ပုရိမ၀ႆာ၀ါသ - ပထမ၀ါကပ္ျခင္း၊ ၀ါဆုိလျပည့္ေက်ာ္တစ္ရက္ေန႔၌ ၀ါကပ္၍ သီတင္းကၽြတ္ လျပည့္ေန႔တြင္ ၀ါကၽြတ္သည္။

(၂) ပစၧိမ၀ႆာ၀ါသ - ဒုတိယ၀ါကပ္ျခင္း၊ ၀ါေခါင္ လျပည့္ေက်ာ္တစ္ရက္ေန႔၌ ၀ါကပ္၍ တန္ေဆာင္မုန္းလျပည့္ေန႔တြင္ ၀ါကၽြတ္သည္။

Observing the rains retreat period: confining oneself to a specific monastic dwelling for the three month rainy period

During the three months of monsoon rains, bhikkhus go into retreat at a monastery designated beforehand at the start of the rainy season. The practice was introduced during the life-time of the Buddha. Before the Buddha decreed the rains retreat period, bhikkhus walked across fields under cultivation. People started to criticize them as some people believed that plants and even drops of water were living beings. Why is it that the disciples of the Buddha go on travels all the year round and trample young plants and insects into oblivion while even member of other sects do not go on journeys during the rains? Even birds and animals have the good sense to stay in their nets or dens during the rains, people complained. To an end to this controversy the Buddha decreed that the rains-retreat period be observed. Rains retreat period may be observed by taking up the designated residence during one of the two periods:-

(1) Earlier rains retreat period (purimavassᾱvᾱsa), commencing from the day after the fullmoon of Wazo (roughly corresponding to July) and ending on the fullmoon day of Thadingyut (roughly corresponding to October);

(2) Later rains retreat period (pacchimavassᾱvᾱsa), commencing from the day after the fulmoon of Wagaung (roughly corresponding to August) and ending on the fullmoon day of Dazaungmon (roughly corresponding to November).

PURITY - ၀ိသုဒၶိ

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PURITY Visuddhi

၀ိသုဒၶိ - အထူးစင္ၾကယ္ျခင္း။

၀ိသုဒၶိခုႏွစ္ပါးေခၚ စင္ၾကယ္ေသာ အဆင့္ခုႏွစ္ဆင့္တုိ႔မွာ -
(၁) သီလ၀ိသုဒၶိ - အက်င့္သီလ၏ စင္ၾကယ္ျခင္း၊
(၂) စိတၱ၀ိသုဒၶိ - စိတ္၏ စင္ၾကယ္ျခင္း၊
(၃) ဒိ႒ိ၀ိသုဒၶိ - အယူ၏ စင္ၾကယ္ျခင္း၊
(၄) ကခၤါ၀ိတရဏ၀ိသုဒၶိ - ယုံမွားျခင္းကုိ လြန္ေျမာက္ျခင္းျဖင့္ စင္ၾကယ္ျခင္း၊
(၅) မဂၢါမဂၢဉာဏဒႆန၀ိသုဒၶိ - မဂ္ဟုတ္သည္ မဟုတ္သည္ကုိ ခြဲျခားသိတတ္ေသာ ဉာဏ္၏ စင္ၾကယ္ျခင္း၊
(၆) ပဋိပဒါဉာဏဒႆန၀ိသုဒၶိ - အရိယာမဂ္ကုိ ရေၾကာင္း အက်င့္ ၉-ပါးဟူေသာ ဉာဏ္၏ စင္ၾကယ္ျခင္း၊
(၇) ဉာဏဒႆန၀ိသုဒၶိ - မဂ္ဉာဏ္ေလးပါး၏ စင္ၾကယ္ျခင္း တုိ႔ျဖစ္ပါသည္။

Perfect purity
The seven stages of purity are :-
(1) Purity of morality, sῑla visuddhi;
(2) Purity of mind, citta visuddhi;
(3) Purity of views, diṭṭhi visuddhi;
(4) Purity of transcending doubt, kankhᾱvitaraṇa visuddhi;
(5) Purity of knowledge and Insight into what is the right path and what is not, maggᾱmaggañᾱṇadassana visuddhi;
(6) Purity of knowledge and Insight that discerns the method, by which is meant the nine kinds of knowledge leading to the attainment of Ariya Magga, paṭipadᾱ ñᾱṇdassana visuddhi; and
(7) Purity of knowledge and Insight into the four Ariya Truths, ñᾱṇdassana visuddhi.

PURIFICATION CONSCIOUSNESS - ေ၀ါဒါန

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PURIFICATION CONSCIOUSNESS Vodᾱna

ေ၀ါဒါန - ေ၀ါဒါန္၊ ျဖဴစင္ေသာစိတ္။

(၁) သမထအရာတြင္ ဒုတိယစ်ာန္၊ တတိယစ်ာန္ ျဖစ္ရာ၌ ေဂါၾတဘူေနရာတြင္ ျဖစ္ေပၚလာေသာ ျဖဴစင္ေသာ စိတ္သည္လည္းေကာင္း၊
(၂) ၀ိပႆနာအရာတြင္ သကဒါဂါမိမဂ္၊ အနာဂါမိမဂ္၊ အရဟတၱမဂ္တုိ႔ ျဖစ္ရာ၌ ေဂါၾတဘူေနရာတြင္ ျဖစ္ေပၚလာေသာ စိတ္သည္လည္းေကာင္း ေ၀ါဒါန္ ျဖဴစင္ေသာစိတ္ မည္၏။

Pure consciousness
(1) The purification consciousness which immediately precedes the second and third jhᾱnas in place of gotrabhu, in the case of tranquility meditation practice, samatha bhavana; and
(2) The purification consciousness which immediately precedes Sakadᾱgᾱmῑ Magga, Anagami Magga and Arahatta Magga in place of gotrabhu, in the case of Insight meditation practice, vipassana bhavana, are called vodana citta.

PSYCHIC LIFE - အ႐ူပဇီ၀ိတိၿႏၵိယ

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PSYCHIC LIFE Arῡpa jῑvitindriya

အ႐ူပဇီ၀ိတိၿႏၵိယ - နာမ္ဇီ၀ိတိေႁႏၵ၊ နာမ္သက္ ဇီ၀ိတိေႁႏၵေစတသိက္။

သတၱ၀ါတစ္ဦးတြင္ ႐ုပ္သက္, နာမ္သက္ဟူ၍ အသက္ႏွစ္မ်ဳိးရွိသည္။ နာမ္ဇီ၀ိတိေႁႏၵသည္ ၎ႏွင့္အတူ ယွဥ္၍ ျဖစ္ၾကေသာ စိတ္, ေစတသိက္တုိ႔ကုိ သက္တမ္းျပည့္ တည္တံ့ေအာင္ ေစာင့္ထိန္းေပးေသာ နာမ္သက္ျဖစ္သည္။

Faculty of mental life
In a being, there are the faculty of physical or material life, rῡpa jῑvitindriya and the psychic life, nᾱma jῑvitindriya. Psychic life is the vitalizing principle which safeguards life of the mental concomitants which arise together with it. The mental states are sustained by this vitalizing principle through out one’s life-span.

PROXIMITY CONSCIOUSNESS - ဥပစာရ

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PROXIMITY CONSCIOUSNESS Upacᾱra

ဥပစာရ - ဥပစာစိတ္၊ စ်ာန္, မဂ္, ဖုိလ္ - ဟူေသာ အပၸနာ၏ အနီး၌ ျဖစ္ေသာစိတ္။

အိမ္, ေက်ာင္း, ႐ြာ စသည္တုိ႔၏ အနီးအနားကုိ အိမ္ဥပစာ၊ ေက်ာင္းဥပစာ၊ ႐ြာဥပစာဟု ေခၚသကဲ့သုိ႔ စ်ာန္, မဂ္, ဖုိလ္တုိ႔၏ အနီး၌ျဖစ္ေသာ စိတ္ကုိ ဥပစာစိတ္ဟုေခၚသည္။

Neighbourhood consciousness
It is termed the proximate consciousness as it occurs in the proximity of the attainment of the appropriate Path Consciousness. Just as the proximity of a house or a school or a village is called upacᾱra, the proximity of attainment of Jhᾱna, Magga and Phala is called upacara.

See PREPARATION : ADAPTATION : LINEAGE,
CHANGE OF : PURIFICATION.

PROTECTOR - နာထ

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PROTECTOR Nᾱtha

နာထ - ကုိးကြယ္ရာျမတ္စြာဘုရား။

Someone to go to for protection, specifically the Buddha. Our Refuge, the Buddha.

PROTECTIVE VERSE - ပရိတၱ

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PROTECTIVE VERSE Paritta

ပရိတၱ - ေဘးဆီးရန္ကာ ပရိတ္တရား။

ပရိတ္တရားသည္ မေကာင္းမႈကုိ ပယ္၍ ေဘးအႏၲရာယ္မ်ားမွ ကာကြယ္ေပးသည္။

Protection; safeguard.
Paritta is a protective verse which averts evil and provides protection from evil influences.

PROPER ATTENTION - ေယာနိေသာမနသိကာရ

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PROPER ATTENTION Yonisomanasikara

ေယာနိေသာမနသိကာရ - သင့္တင့္မွန္ကန္စြာ ႏွလုံးသြင္းျခင္း။

ေယာနိေသာ မနသိကာရ ဟူေသာ သင့္တင့္မွန္ကန္စြာ ႏွလုံးသြင္းျခင္းသည္ ကုသုိလ္ျဖစ္ျခင္း၏ အေၾကာင္းျဖစ္သည္။

Right perception
Yonisomanasikara or right perception of phenomena is the cause leading to acquirement of merit.

PROLONGATION - ပပဥၥ

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PROLONGATION Papanca

ပပဥၥ - သံသရာရွည္ေစေသာတရား။

သံသရာရွည္စေသာ တရားသုံးပါးမွာ - တြယ္တာတပ္မက္မႈ (တဏွာ)၊ ေထာင္လႊားမႈ (မာန)ႏွင့္ အယူမွားမႈ (ဒိ႒ိ) တုိ႔ ျဖစ္ၾကသည္။

Factors which prolong the round of rebirths
The three factors which prolong the round of rebirths are craving, tanha, conceit, mana, and wrong view, ditthi.

PRODUCTIVE KAMMA - ဘ၀

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PRODUCTIVE KAMMA Bhava

ဘ၀ - တစ္ခုေသာ ဘ၀ကုိ ျဖစ္ေစေသာကံ၊ ဘ၀တစ္ခု၌ ျဖစ္ျခင္း။

(၁) ကမၼဘ၀ - ဇာတိကုိ ျဖစ္ေစေသာကံကုိ ကမၼဘ၀ဟု ေခၚသည္။

(၂) ဥပပတၱိဘ၀ - ကံေၾကာင့္ ျဖစ္ေပၚလာေသာ အက်ဳိးတရားမ်ားကုိ ဥပပတၱိဘ၀ ဟု ေခၚသည္။

Volitional action that tends to rebirth, renewed existence

(1) Volitional action that causes rebirth is called kammabhava

(2) The aggregates of existence which are the resultant of Kamma are called upapattibhava.